Electromagnetic scattering model of the Kelvin wake and turbulent wake by a moving ship

Sun, Rong-Qing; Luo, Gen; Zhang, Min; Wang, Chao

doi:10.1080/17455030.2011.591446

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Since the formulation of fluid dynamic theory was firstly concluded mathematically by Lord Kelvin, there have been a lot of scholars to do researches focusing on the Kelvin wakes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Based on the Bragg mechanism of sea surface, Tunaley et al [7] researched the SAR imaging of ship wakes in L-band and analyzed its validity through a comparison with the SeaSAT SAR imagery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Wang¹,

Min²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PIER B

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Abstract-The principal purpose of this work is the simulation of the ship wake in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging based on a facet scattering model. The hydrodynamic model of the surface waves mainly considers the Kelvin wake waves and the wind driven waves. For the prediction of radar returns from the composite surface, the semi-deterministic facet scattering model (SDFSM) is proposed, which is verified to have good performance through a comparison with the experiment by SASS-II. Then, the distributions of backscattering normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of facets are investigated for both V V and HH polarizations and characteristics of the wake pattern are shown with good visibility. On the basis of these, an application of velocity bunching (VB) imaging model is presented in detail for the simulation of SAR imaging of sea surface waves with Kelvin wake. Finally, several numerical results provide states of the effects of ship speed, wind speed and the ship sailing direction on the characteristics of Kelvin wake in SAR images. Thus, this simulation may enable us to provide a theoretical basis to the detection of ship wakes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Wang¹,

Min²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PIER B

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“…Microwave radar has been proven to be useful in observing the Kelvin wakes. The feature of Kelvin wakes in SAR images and the electromagnetic scattering characteristics from the Kelvin wakes are widely discussed [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Based on the Bragg mechanism of the sea surface, Tunaley et al [1] researched the SAR imaging of ship wakes in L-band and analyzed its validity through a comparison with the Sea SAT SAR imagery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Varying Kelvin Wake Model and Microwave Velocity Observation

Niu

Liang

Zhang

2020

Sensors

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In the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of ship-induced wakes, it is difficult to obtain the Doppler velocity of a Kelvin wake due to the lack of time-varying wake models and suitable radar equipment. The conventional Kelvin wake investigation based on the static Kelvin wake model failed to reflect time-varying characteristics, which are significant in the application of the Kelvin wake model. Therefore, a time-varying Kelvin wake model with consideration of geometric time-varying characteristics and the hydrodynamic equation is proposed in this paper, which reflects the wake’s time-varying change lacking in the conventional Kelvin wake investigation. The Doppler velocity measurement, measured by a specially designed radar, can be exploited to verify the time-varying model by the comparison of velocity fields. Ground-based multi-input multi-output (MIMO) millimeter wave radar imaging through the simultaneous switching of transceiver channels was used to obtain the Doppler velocity for the first time. Finally, promising results have been achieved, which are in good agreement with our proposed model in consideration of the experimental scene. The proposed time-varying model and radar equipment provide velocity measurements for the Kelvin wake observation, which contains huge application potential.

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“…The largest surface area of wake is limited with the range between 16 • and 19.5 • on both ship sides. Additionally, the wave elevation distribution of Kelvin wakes has already had certain expressions beneficial to the study of all kinds of ships' sizes and velocities [28]. In this case, its expression can be written as…”

Section: Ship Kelvin Wakementioning

confidence: 99%

Scattering Analysis for Ship Kelvin Wakes on Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Sea Surfaces

Sun¹,

Min

Wang³

et al. 2013

PIER B

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Abstract-The ship Kelvin-wake models on two-dimensional (2-D) linear and nonlinear sea surfaces are combined with the second-order small-slope approximation method (SSA-II) to comparatively study the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics. The nonlinear sea-surface models include the Choppy Wave Model (CWM) and the second-order Creamer model (Creamer (2)). Considering the limitations of using the ideal plane EM wave incident upon a rough sea surface of the limited size, the modified tapered wave is utilized as the incident wave to derive the scattering waves. Due to the fact that the nonlinear effects of Creamer (2) surfaces is obviously stronger than those of CWM surfaces, the bistatic normalized radar cross section (NRCS) calculated from Creamer (2) surfaces is significantly greater than that of its linear and CWM surfaces for scattering angles departing from the specular direction, and the backscattering coefficients from Creamer (2) surfaces are also the greatest except within quasi-specular (near vertical incidence) region. Moreover, for the linear and nonlinear sea surfaces, the influences of different wind speeds and directions on scattering characteristics are also calculated and analyzed in detail. However, taking the ship Kelvin wakes into account, the corresponding scattering features are obviously distinct from those of the single linear and nonlinear sea surfaces. This helps to provide a basis to extract the related ship information through the scattering characteristics of ship Kelvin wakes. Also it shows that the small-slope approximation method is a very effective analysis method to deal with the EM scattering from the rough sea surface.

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Electromagnetic scattering model of the Kelvin wake and turbulent wake by a moving ship

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Time-Varying Kelvin Wake Model and Microwave Velocity Observation

Scattering Analysis for Ship Kelvin Wakes on Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Sea Surfaces

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