Electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of materials

Kaatze, U.; Hübner, Christof

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/21/8/082001

Cited by 66 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 278 publications

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“…[11,12]. Dielectric properties measurement strategies include waveguide cells (in reflection or/and transmission), resonators and free-space methods [13][14][15][16]. Dielectric-loaded cylindrical waveguides and cavities can provide new and accurate dielectric measurement procedures to be applied under these methodologies [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-Wave Analysis of Dielectric-Loaded Cylindrical Waveguides and Cavities Using a New Four-Port Ring Network

Peñaranda‐Foix

Janezic

Catalá-Civera

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Penaranda-Foix, FL.; Janezic, MD.; Catalá Civera, JM.; Canós Marín, AJ. (2012). Full-wave analysis of dielectric-loaded cylindrical waveguides and cavities using a new four-port ring network. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60(9):2730-2740. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2206048. > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 1 Abstract-In this paper, a full-wave method for the electromagnetic analysis of dielectric-loaded cylindrical and coaxial waveguides and cavities is developed. For this purpose, a new 4-port ring network is proposed, and the mode-matching method is applied to calculate the Generalized Admittance Matrix (GAM) of this new structure. A number of analyses on dielectric-loaded waveguide structures and cavities have been conducted in order to validate and to assess the accuracy of the new approach. The results have been compared with theoretical values, numerical modeling from the literature, and data from commercial electromagnetic simulators. The method has been also applied to the accurate determination of dielectric properties, and we provide an example of these measurements as another way to validate this new method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-Wave Analysis of Dielectric-Loaded Cylindrical Waveguides and Cavities Using a New Four-Port Ring Network

Peñaranda‐Foix

Janezic

Catalá-Civera

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…Due to that reason, many researchers have proposed the technique in terms of moisture measurement such as in wheat [2], grain [3] and also in cement-based material [4]. Modern literature related to moisture content determination was discussed by Kaatze and Hubner [5]. Their paper discusses the current electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Moisture Content in Mortar at Near Relaxation Frequency 17 GHz

Jusoh¹,

Abbas²,

Lee³

et al. 2011

Measurement Science Review

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The knowledge of moisture content in cement based material is important especially for the safety in field work. In this paper, a non-destructive and contactless free space method is used for measurement of moisture content in cement based materials (mortar) at microwave frequencies. The measurement system consists of a 17 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) as a microwave source, a Power Meter as the detector, and a pair of lens horn antennas to transmit and receive the microwave signal. An empirical formula of moisture content was obtained by using a relationship between attenuation and moisture content. This model is best for prediction of moisture content greater than 2% with percentage mean error of 3%.

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“…Extensive studies on the dielectric behaviour of pure water have been undertaken [172,183,184,185]. As Equation 4.6 shows, the complex permittivity, ε ⋆ r,eff , is also a function of temperature, T , with ε ∞ (T ), ε S (T ), and τ(T ).…”

Section: Free Water Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relevant methods found in the literature [185,216,217,218] and considered in this thesis are summarised graphically in Figure 5.1, where the grey shaded area indicates the frequency range covered in this study to investigate the dielectric soil properties. to a step voltage pulse or incident wave [216,219].…”

Section: Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a Fourier series transformation into the frequency domain is not required. Further, the use of a VNA allows fast repetition measurements over a broad frequency range in order to average data and reduce easurement error [185,216]. In this study, the open-ended coaxial line method and coaxial transmission line method, as broadband EM techniques, were selected for the experimental investigation.…”

Section: Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical, hydraulic, and dielectric characterisation of fine-grained soils during densification

Schwing¹

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Soil characterisation is of primary interest for several disciplines, including geotechnical and geo-environmental engineering, soil science, and agriculture. An upcoming and promising method for soil characterisation relies on the high-frequency electromagnetic measurement technique which provides the potential to explore and investigate soils. However, successful application of this technique requires a profound understanding of the multi-physical processes arising from interactions between soil as a porous medium and the propagation of electromagnetic waves. This thesis focuses on a coupled experimental investigation of the mechanical, hydraulic, and dielectric characterisation of fine-grained soil during densification.In the framework of this thesis, the following steps have been completed and novel findings have been made:1. Probe designs have been developed, modified and improved to measure the dielectric soil properties in a frequency range from 1 MHz to 3 GHz during shrinkage and compaction. A low-cost in-house-manufactured probe was introduced, which was specifically designed for standardised geotechnical soil shrinkage test. During preliminary investigations, the calibration procedure and performance of these sensors were experimentally and numerically tested. The results showed agreement in the targeted frequency window.2. Compaction and shrinkage tests on fine-grained soils were conducted in combination with dielectric and soil suction measurements. The shrinkage curve and soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) was established and successfully parameterised with physical based models. The complex permittivity was determined in a frequency range from 1 MHz to 3 GHz. The dielectric properties measured during the shrinkage test showed a sudden drop of complex permittivity which could be located in the residual shrinkage zone.3. A theoretical electromagnetic mixture approach was used to model the measured frequency dependent dielectric properties of soils during shrinkage and compaction based on the parameterised shrinkage curve and SWCC. The theoretical results were compared to the dielectric measurements on different fine-grained soils. The comparison ii showed that the real part of permittivity could be well predicted whereas the imaginary part suffered inaccuracies.4. A sensitivity analysis was performed with the theoretical electromagnetic mixture approach in consideration of the shrinkage behaviour and SWCC in order to investigate the influence of soil suction and dry density on the frequency dependent permittivity.The sensitivity analysis showed that the real part of the permittivity near 1 GHz was insensitive to changes in the soil suction and dry density. In the MHz range, the real part of the permittivity was more sensitive to changes in soil suction than it was to dry density. The imaginary part of the permittivity was generally observed to be more sensitive to soil suction over the entire frequency range.

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Electromagnetic techniques for moisture content determination of materials

Cited by 66 publications

References 278 publications

Full-Wave Analysis of Dielectric-Loaded Cylindrical Waveguides and Cavities Using a New Four-Port Ring Network

Full-Wave Analysis of Dielectric-Loaded Cylindrical Waveguides and Cavities Using a New Four-Port Ring Network

Determination of Moisture Content in Mortar at Near Relaxation Frequency 17 GHz

Mechanical, hydraulic, and dielectric characterisation of fine-grained soils during densification

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