Electromagnetically induced transparency in superconducting quantum circuits: Effects of decoherence, tunneling, and multilevel crosstalk

Dutton, Zachary; Murali, K. V. R. M.; Oliver, William; Orlando, Terry P.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.73.104516

Cited by 44 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This is an important advantage of superconducting circuits compared to natural atoms. EIT using superconducting circuits has been studied theoretically (e.g., [31][32][33]) and experimentally [34,35]. In [35], this phenomenon was experimentally shown using a four-junction loop biased at f = State population inversion and lasing.…”

Section: Electromagnetically Induced Transparencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits

You

Nori

2011

Nature

1,256

1,081

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Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions exhibit macroscopic quantum coherence and can behave like artificial atoms. Recent technological advances have made it possible to implement atomic-physics and quantum-optics experiments on a chip using these artificial atoms. This review presents a brief overview of the progress achieved so far in this rapidly advancing field. We not only discuss phenomena analogous to those in atomic physics and quantum optics with natural atoms, but also highlight those not occurring in natural atoms. In addition, we summarize several prospective directions in this emerging interdisciplinary field.Superconducting circuits with Josephson junctions can behave as artificial atoms. In these quantum circuits, the Josephson junctions act as nonlinear circuit elements (see Box 1). Such nonlinearity in a circuit ensures an unequal spacing between energy levels, so that the lowest levels can be individually addressed by using external fields (see, e.g., [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]). Experimentally, these circuits are fabricated on a micrometer scale and operated at mK temperatures. Because of the reduced dimensionality and thanks to the superconductivity, the environmentinduced dissipation and noise are greatly suppressed, so the circuits can behave quantum mechanically.Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions have recently become subjects of intense research because they can be used as qubits-controllable quantum two-level system-for quantum computing (see, e.g., [1-4] for reviews). Even though the typical decoherence times of these circuits fall short of the requirements for quantum computation, their macroscopic quantum coherence is sufficient for them to exhibit striking quantum behaviors. These circuits can have a number of superconducting eigenstates with discrete eigenvalues lower than the energy levels of the quasi-particle excitations that involve breaking Cooper pairs. This property allows these circuits to behave like superconducting artificial atoms. Indeed, there is a deep analogy between natural atoms and the artificial atoms made from superconducting circuits (see Box 2). Both have discrete energy levels and can exhibit coherent quantum oscillations between these levels. Whereas natural atoms may be controlled using visible or microwave photons that excite electrons from one state to another, the artificial atoms in the circuits are driven by currents, voltages and microwave photons that excite the system from one macroscopic quantum state to another.Differences between superconducting circuits and natural atoms include the different energy scales in the two systems, and how strongly each system couples to its environment; the coupling is weak for atoms and strong for circuits. In contrast to naturally occurring atoms, artificial atoms can be designed with specific characteristics and fabricated on a chip using standard lithographical technologies. With a view to applications, this degree of tunability is an important advantage over natural atoms. Thus, ...

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Section: Electromagnetically Induced Transparencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits

You

Nori

2011

Nature

1,256

1,081

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“…Also optical experiments employ a large number of 3LAs whereas the superconducting circuit case needs just one 3LA. With EIT and the Autler-Townes splitting having been displayed in experiments, artificial ∆3LAs built with superconducting junctions appear to be good candidates for observing EITA [7][8][9][10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency with Amplification in Superconducting Circuits

et al. 2010

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We show that electromagnetically-induced transparency and lasing without inversion are simultaneously achieved for microwave fields by using a fluxonium superconducting circuit. As a result of the ∆ energy-level structure of this artificial three-level atom, we find the surprising phenomenon that the electromagnetically-induced transparency window in the frequency domain is sandwiched between absorption on one side and amplification on the other side.PACS numbers: 42.50. Gy, 42.50.Md, 74.50.+r Electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) exploits atomic coherence to enable optically-controlled transparency within an absorption line as well as extreme slowing of light [1]. EIT is realized by strong driving of one transition in a three-level atom (3LA) depicted in Fig. 1, which induces a transparency window with bandwidth equal to the effective splitting of the upper energy level. A 3LA also yields a distinct phenomenon known as lasing without inversion (LWI) [2], which corresponds to negative absorption (i.e. amplification) despite the lowerlevel population exceeding the upper-level population. LWI arises through two interfering excitation pathways thereby suppressing absorption. Here we show that EIT and LWI can be realized simultaneously (as EIT with amplification, or EITA) via a 3LA with all three inter-level transitions being driven in a ∆ configuration (a ∆3LA). Furthermore we show that this new phenomenon can be realized with flux [3] or fluxonium [4] artificial atoms, which are solid-state realizations of ∆3LAs [5]. Our theory of EITA predicts asymmetric EIT peaks, commensurate with experimental observations of an anomalous asymmetry of EIT peaks for Rb ∆3LAs [6].We construct a theory of EITA and build on recent advances with Josephson-junction-based artificial atoms to show how EITA can be achieved and what its experimental signature will be. There are subtleties though in transferring optical atomic experiments to the superconducting circuit domain. In particular the superconducting circuit employs microwave fields that propagate in one dimension in contrast to three-dimensional field propagation and optical frequencies in the atomic experiment. Therefore absorption and transmission spectroscopy translate to reflected and transmitted fields. Also optical experiments employ a large number of 3LAs whereas the superconducting circuit case needs just one 3LA. With EIT and the Autler-Townes splitting having been displayed in experiments, artificial ∆3LAs built with superconducting junctions appear to be good candidates for observing EITA [7][8][9][10].The ∆3LA depicted in Fig. 1 has three energy lev- els |i with frequency differences ω ij and decay rates γ ij between levels |i and |j for i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}. The |i ↔ |j transition is driven by a coherent electromagnetic field with electric field E ij and detuning δ ij from the |i ↔ |j transition with electric dipole vector d ij . The corresponding (complex) Rabi frequency is Ω ij = d ij ·E ij ( ≡ 1). Away from the flux degeneracy point, selection rules do n...

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“…As a result, the dressed CPB-NR coupled system becomes transparent for a weak signal current with a frequency matching the resonant frequency of CPB qubit. We note that the selection rule here is somewhat different from that of the superconducting flux-qubit circuit, which shows an EIT phenomenon in a configuration [43,44]. There, dipole-like coupling is allowed between all pairs of levels due to the symmetry breaking of the potential of the flux qubit [55].…”

Section: Experimental Parameters and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the absorption eliminated via quantum interference, the EIT effect has also been shown to be an active mechanism to slow down or stop a light pulse completely in various systems, such as an ultracold gas of sodium atoms [38], rare-earth-ion-doped crystals [39], semiconductor quantum wells [40], quantum dot exciton systems [41], and systems with four-level or multi-level cells [42]. Recently, it has been proposed to use a superconductive analogy to EIT in a persistent-current flux qubit biased in a configuration to probe small qubit errors due to decoherence or imperfect state preparation [43,44]. Here, we show that the EIT phenomenon could be realized in an effective two-level superconducting CPB charge qubit coupled to an NR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomechanical-resonator-assisted induced transparency in a Cooper-pair box system

et al. 2008

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We propose a scheme to demonstrate the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a system of a superconducting Cooper-pair box coupled to a nanomechanical resonator. In this scheme, the nanomechanical resonator plays an important role to contribute additional auxiliary energy levels to the Cooper-pair box so that the EIT phenomenon could be realized in such a system. We call it here resonator-assisted induced transparency (RAIT). This RAIT technique provides a detection scheme in a real experiment to measure physical properties, such as the vibration frequency and the decay rate, of the coupled nanomechanical resonator.

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Electromagnetically induced transparency in superconducting quantum circuits: Effects of decoherence, tunneling, and multilevel crosstalk

Cited by 44 publications

References 57 publications

Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits

Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency with Amplification in Superconducting Circuits

Nanomechanical-resonator-assisted induced transparency in a Cooper-pair box system

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