Electromembrane extraction (EME): Fundamentals and applications

Martins, Rafael Oliveira; Araújo, Giovanna Lopes de; Simas, Rosineide C.; Chaves, Andréa Rodrigues

doi:10.1016/j.talo.2023.100200

Cited by 30 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…While EME has gained substantial interest [1][2][3], it has been conducted on various laboratory-built systems under a multitude of experimental conditions [4][5][6][7][8]. The transition of EME from research to a broadly applicable microextraction technique necessitates standardized and commercial equipment and the development of generic methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

Song,

Zhou,

Hansen

et al. 2024

J of Separation Science

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Generic electromembrane extraction (EME) methods were developed and optimized for basic analytes of moderate or low polarity, employing prototype conductive vial EME equipment. Two generic methods, B1 and B2, were devised for mono‐ and dibasic compounds with distinct polarity windows: 2.0 < log P < 6.0 for B1 and 1.0 < log P < 4.5 for B2. In B1, 10 μL of 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether served as the liquid membrane, while B2 utilized 10 μL of 2‐undecanone. Both methods involved the acidification of 125 μL of human plasma samples with 125 μL of sample diluent (0.5 M HCOOH for B1 and 1.0 M HCOOH for B2). The acceptor phase consisted of 250 μL of 100 mM HCOOH. Extraction was conducted for 30 min with agitation at 800 rpm, employing an extraction potential of 100 V for B1 and 50 V for B2. A set of 90 pharmaceutical compounds was employed as model analytes. Both B1 and B2 demonstrated high recoveries (40%–100%) for the majority of model analytes within their respective polarity windows. Intra‐day precision was within 2.2% and 9.7% relative standard deviation. Both extraction systems exhibited stability in terms of current, matrix effect values were between 90% and 109%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

Song,

Zhou,

Hansen

et al. 2024

J of Separation Science

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show abstract

“…28 This method has great potential for sample clean-up and preconcentration. 29 Remarkable selectivity, high recovery, and good efficiency are the outstanding advantages of this robust method. 30 Petersen et al designed the first downscaled EME in a microchip device in 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applying EME on the microchip platform could overcome the high matrix interferences. 29 Meanwhile, PAs have a positive charge and can electrically migrate to the acceptor phase. 33 The selected acceptor phase is an aqueous solution that cannot be directly injected into the GC/MS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The selective extraction of dietary polyamines from chicken breast using the application of a lab-on-a-chip electromembrane and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Barzegar,

Nabizadeh,

Kamankesh

et al. 2024

Anal. Methods

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“…Resulting from this, various techniques have been invented and research is still very active. One such technique is electromembrane extraction (EME), first presented in 2006 [1], which mainly has been used for bioanalytical and environmental extraction applications [2]. EME is performed using a supported liquid membrane that separates the sample from a clean acceptor solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, approximately 450 articles on EME have been published, exploring fundamentals, methods, and applications, which are summarized in recent reviews [2][3][4][5][6]. Example applications include extraction of metals and heavy metals [7,8], peptides [9,10], pharmaceuticals [11,12], and endogenous metabolites [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generic Conditions for Electromembrane Extraction of Acids with Low to Moderate Hydrophilicity in Human Plasma

Song,

Dowlatshah,

Gaznawi

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The current paper reports the first set of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of acidic substances from human plasma. Two systems were developed, based on eutectic solvents; A1 (“A” for acid) comprised dodecyl methyl sulfoxide and thymol in 1:2 ratio (w/w) as liquid membrane, while A2 used [6-methylcoumarin:thymol (1:2)]:2-nitrophenyl octyl ether in 2:1 ratio (w/w). A1 and A2 were applied for extraction of 31 acidic model analytes spiked into 100 µL human plasma diluted 1:1 (v/v) with phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The acceptor solution was 50 mM NH4HCO3 buffer pH 10.0, and extraction was performed at an agitation rate of 750 RPM. Voltage and extraction time were 30 V for 30 min and 10 V for 20 min for A1 and A2, respectively. Under optimal conditions, A1 extracted analytes with 1.8 ≤ log P ≤ 6.0 with an average recovery (R) of 85.1%, while A2 extracted in a range of 0.5 ≤ log P ≤ 6.0 with an average recovery of 79.9%. Meanwhile, extraction current was low at 9 and 26 µA, respectively, which is indicative of good system robustness. Using UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of the acceptor solution, repeatability of the A1 and A2 methods was determined to be 2.8-7.7% and 3.3-9.4% for R > 40%, matrix effects were 82-117% and 84-112%, respectively, and linear calibration curves were obtained. With these methods, generic conditions are now available for electromembrane extraction of bases in the range -2.0 ≤ log P ≤ 6.4 and acids in the range 0.5 ≤ log P ≤ 6.0.

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Electromembrane extraction (EME): Fundamentals and applications

Cited by 30 publications

References 100 publications

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

The selective extraction of dietary polyamines from chicken breast using the application of a lab-on-a-chip electromembrane and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Generic Conditions for Electromembrane Extraction of Acids with Low to Moderate Hydrophilicity in Human Plasma

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