Electromembrane extraction of clenbuterol from swine urine for monitoring illegal use in livestock

Abstract

The illegal use of clenbuterol seriously endangers food safety and human health. Accurate monitoring of the illegal use of clenbuterol in livestock can efficiently prevent the clenbuterol residue pork products from entering the consumer market. Thus, in this study, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of clenbuterol in swine urine was developed using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. It should be noted that the electromembrane extraction method presented many advantages of simple operation, fast mass transfer rate, good sample clean‐up capability, and less organic solvent consumption. The effect of important factors on the extraction efficiency of clenbuterol was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, good linearity was achieved for clenbuterol over the range of 1–1000 ng/ml (linear correlation [R2] = 0.9996). The recoveries of clenbuterol in swine urine at three spiked levels ranged from 83.7% to 110.0% with relative standard deviation values lower than 9.7% (n = 4). The limits of detection and quantification for clenbuterol were 0.07 and 0.25 ng/ml, respectively. These results suggested that the proposed method has great potential for the extraction and determination of trace analyte in a complex sample matrix for monitoring illegal use in livestock.

Ultrasensitive Eu-Based MOF Luminescence Sensor for Clenbuterol Visible Recognition

“… In clinical medicine, CLB is primitively employed as a drug for the treatment of respiratory diseases at appropriate medical doses, including bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. , In stock farming, CLB is usually known as “leptin” or “lean meat powder,” which can promote animal growth, protein accretion, lean meat percentage increase, and fatty acid degradation as well as lipolysis. − However, CLB residues can often accumulate in muscles and viscera of animal or human bodies through the food chain and degrade difficultly due to its long half-life and slow metabolism. , Then, a series of toxic side effects on human health were caused, including dizziness, nausea, palpitation, nervousness, muscular tremors, shivering, and even inducing tumors. , Actually, as early as 1990, food poisoning incidents were reported arising from the consumption of CLB-contaminated meats . Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have prohibited CLB abuse in drug syntheses and animal husbandry. , Abominably, unethical merchants privately applied CLB as an illegal additive in feeds to make exorbitant profits . Therefore, it is urgent and meaningful to quantitatively detect CLB for food safety and human health.…”

“…13,14 Abominably, unethical merchants privately applied CLB as an illegal additive in feeds to make exorbitant profits. 15 Therefore, it is urgent and meaningful to quantitatively detect CLB for food safety and human health.…”

Determination of β2-Agonist Residues in Meat Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with N-Doped Carbon Dots in Molecular Sieves

“…The effects of β 2 -agonists, namely clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine (Figure S1), include the growth of muscular tissue and reduction in body fat, and these kinds of compounds have also been applied as growth stimulants for cattle, sheep, and pigs, which actually formed the β 2 -agonist residues in products of animal origin [1][2][3]. However, it has been verified that acute intoxication, including headache, tachycardia nausea, dizziness, and other symptoms, may occur when people eat meats made from animals fed by β 2 -agonists; therefore, the use of these kinds of stimulants was banned by the World Health Organization (WHO) and many countries [4][5][6]. Meanwhile, in recent years, the abuse of these compounds has formed severe food safety risks [7].…”