Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane

Huang, Chuixiu; Seip, Knut Fredrik; Gjelstad, Astrid; Pedersen‐Bjergaard, Stig

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.002

Cited by 53 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…DEHP has been more efficient than TEHP for the extraction of the most polar basic drugs (0.01 < log P < 1.8) [21]. However, DEHP suffers from some drawbacks related to the increase of the electrical conductance of the SLM and extraction of background electrolyte ions and other ionic sample components, leading to high system currents [22]. Very recently, a new SLM based on bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite (DEHPi) has been discovered as a good candidate for the extraction of polar (log P values between −0.40 and 1.32) basic analytes from plasma samples [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, DEHP suffers from some drawbacks related to the increase of the electrical conductance of the SLM and extraction of background electrolyte ions and other ionic sample components, leading to high system currents [22]. Very recently, a new SLM based on bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite (DEHPi) has been discovered as a good candidate for the extraction of polar (log P values between −0.40 and 1.32) basic analytes from plasma samples [22]. DEHPi was compared with SLMs based on DEHP and TEHP, and DEHPi provided lower currents and higher system stability [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very recently, a new SLM based on bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite (DEHPi) has been discovered as a good candidate for the extraction of polar (log P values between −0.40 and 1.32) basic analytes from plasma samples [22]. DEHPi was compared with SLMs based on DEHP and TEHP, and DEHPi provided lower currents and higher system stability [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction of highly polar basic drugs—a fundamental study with catecholamines in urine as model system

et al. 2017

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Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction (EME) of highly polar basic drugs (log P < -1) was investigated for the first time with the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine as model analytes. The model analytes were extracted as cationic species from urine samples (pH 4), through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) comprising 25 mM 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (TFPBA) in bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite (DEHPi), and into 20 mM formic acid as acceptor solution. EME was performed for 15 min, and 50 V was used as extraction voltage across the SLM. TFPBA served as complexation reagent, and selectively formed boronate esters by reversible covalent binding with the model analytes at the sample/SLM interface. This enhanced the mass transfer of the highly polar model analytes across the SLM, and EME of basic drugs with log P in the range -1 to -2 was shown for the first time. Meanwhile, most matrix components in urine were unable to pass the SLM. Thus, the proposed concept provided highly efficient sample clean-up and the system current across the SLM was kept below 50 μA. Finally, the complexation-mediated EME concept was combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and evaluated for quantification of epinephrine and dopamine. Standard addition calibration was applied to a pooled human urine sample. Calibration curves using standards between 25 and 125 μg L gave a high level of linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.990 for epinephrine and 0.996 for dopamine (N = 5). The limit of detection, calculated as three times signal-to-noise ratio, was 5.0 μg L for epinephrine and 1.8 μg L for dopamine. The repeatability of the method, expressed as coefficient of variation, was 13% (n = 5). The proposed method was finally applied for the analysis of spiked pooled human urine sample, obtaining relative recoveries of 91 and 117% for epinephrine and dopamine, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction of highly polar basic drugs—a fundamental study with catecholamines in urine as model system

et al. 2017

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“…EME has extensively been applied to the extraction of non-polar and moderately polar drugs (1 < logP < 5). Recent work has also demonstrated the great potential of EME for the extraction of highly polar compounds (logP < −1) [19][20][21][22]. TMAO, choline betaine, l-carnitine, and deoxy-l-carnitine, as quaternary ammonium compounds, are excellent candidates for EME due to their permanent positive charge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromembrane Extraction of Highly Polar Compounds: Analysis of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Plasma

et al. 2019

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major concern in today's society, with more than 17.5 million deaths reported annually worldwide. Recently, five metabolites related to the gut metabolism of phospholipids were identified as promising predictive biomarker candidates for CVD. Validation of those biomarker candidates is crucial for applications to the clinic, showing the need for high-throughput analysis of large numbers of samples. These five compounds, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline, betaine, l-carnitine, and deoxy-l-carnitine (4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acid), are highly polar compounds and show poor retention on conventional reversed phase chromatography, which can lead to strong matrix effects when using mass spectrometry detection, especially when high-throughput analysis approaches are used with limited separation of analytes from interferences. In order to reduce the potential matrix effects, we propose a novel fast parallel electromembrane extraction (Pa-EME) method for the analysis of these metabolites in plasma samples. The evaluation of Pa-EME parameters was performed using multi segment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Recoveries up to 100% were achieved, with variability as low as 2%. Overall, this study highlights the necessity of protein precipitation prior to EME for the extraction of highly polar compounds. The developed Pa-EME method was evaluated in terms of concentration range and response function, as well as matrix effects using fast-LC-MS/MS. Finally, the developed workflow was compared to conventional sample pre-treatment, i.e., protein precipitation using methanol, and fast-LC-MS/MS. Data show very strong correlations between both workflows, highlighting the great potential of Pa-EME for high-throughput biological applications.

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“…As for other extraction techniques, the extraction of hydrophilic endogenous compounds remains the principal challenge for EME. The modification of the SLM with carriers 43 or the application of new organic solvents 44 appears as a promising solution to enhance the mass transfer of charged hydrophilic metabolites. Although no large metabolomics studies using EME have been reported yet, a few studies have already described the implementation of EME for the extraction of peptides, 45,46 amino acids, 47 and catecholamines.…”

Section: Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample preparation for polar metabolites in bioanalysis

Drouin

Rudaz

Schappler

2018

Analyst

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Sample preparation is a primary step of any bioanalytical workflow, especially in metabolomics analysis where maximum information has to be obtained without spoiling the analytical instrument. Because of their biological implication, highly polar metabolites, such as amino acids, nucleobases, and catecholamines seem to attract growing interest in the field of comprehensive metabolomics analysis although their extraction from the matrix remains a real challenge. In this paper, we discuss about the actual practice and issues of hydrophilic metabolites' extraction, including new solutions and perspectives to improve their phase transfer from a complex biological sample to a clean extract prior to analysis.

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Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane

Cited by 53 publications

References 47 publications

Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction of highly polar basic drugs—a fundamental study with catecholamines in urine as model system

Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction of highly polar basic drugs—a fundamental study with catecholamines in urine as model system

Electromembrane Extraction of Highly Polar Compounds: Analysis of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Plasma

Sample preparation for polar metabolites in bioanalysis

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