Electromigration—a tutorial introduction†

Clarke, Pel; Ray, Ashok K; Hogarth, C. A.

doi:10.1080/00207219008920318

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Since corrosion of a pipe buried in soil naturally occurs slowly, the reaction was accelerated in the laboratory experiments by inducing an electrical potential across the test samples, using the principles of electro-osmosis and electromigration (electrokinetics) (Clarke et al, 1990;Schmidt, 2007). This method was selected over alternative options so as to avoid introducing any additional ions apart from the ones generated as by-products of the cast iron corrosion (essentially iron ions) so the changes on clay soil properties could be investigated.…”

Section: Arrangement Of the Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Cast-Iron Pipe Corrosion on GPR Detection Performance in Clay Soils

Abed¹,

Torbaghan

Hojjati

et al. 2020

J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract.

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Cast iron water distribution pipes are used widely in the UK and worldwide. Corrosion of these cast iron pipes often occurs due to an electrochemical process where the pipe is buried directly in a chemically aggressive ground (as is the case for some clays). The electrochemical process changes the pH environment and releases iron ions into the clay. This can cause chemical alteration of the clay minerals and 'corrosion products', such as iron oxide, hydroxide and aqueous salts, to form in the soil. These chemical interactions are complex and time dependent, and can potentially result in pipe failure, and thus the conditions under which they occur need to be understood. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been proposed for routinely detecting, assessing and monitoring buried cast iron pipes, and thus it is important to know how these chemical changes affect the electromagnetic properties of soil. A bespoke set of laboratory experiments was devised to simulate and accelerate cast iron corrosion (using electrokinetics) and ion migration processes in two types of clay, namely Kaolin Clay and Oxford Clay. Tests were conducted for periods of up to 3 months using both inert electrodes and a cast iron disc as the anode. The changes in the geotechnical properties (undrained shear strength, moisture content and Atterberg limits), the geophysical properties (permittivity) and the geochemical properties (iron content, pH and conductivity) were monitored. The results indicated that the Oxford Clay was much more aggressive in terms of the corrosion activity compared to the Kaolin Clay. The laboratory results were used in GPR simulations in relation to the detection of a buried cast iron pipe. The results showed that the chemically induced changes to the Kaolin Clay did not materially affect the performance of GPR to detect the cast iron pipe, whereas a pipe buried in Oxford Clay the (greatly accelerated) chemically-induced changes were sufficiently advanced after approximately 7-8 weeks to cause the GPR to be unable to detect the corroded pipe.

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Section: Arrangement Of the Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Cast-Iron Pipe Corrosion on GPR Detection Performance in Clay Soils

Abed¹,

Torbaghan

Hojjati

et al. 2020

J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract.

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“…In this routing, transmission occurs between the bundles, which gears end-to-end routing optimization. The transmission of the GBR is calculated as in (2)  bj bi N E min = GBR (2) GBR objective function calculates the optimal shortest Communication between the bundles having minimum transmission rate and minimum energy utilization. The algorithmic strides of the proposed topology construction are given subsequently:…”

Section: B Global Bundle Routing (Gbr) Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the cut down in the technology, the confinement imperfection in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) due to the increase in the thickness as a result of deterioration of equipment over time [1]. The physical defects such as enduring flaws or tough flaws emerge as irreversible flaws in the equipment [2][3][4]. In order to overcome the existing difficulties and to tackle the upcoming flaws, the researchers focused on equipment with long-durability in applications where alignment is absurd.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dolphin Echolocation Based Generation of Application Definite Noc Custom Topology

Poornima*¹,

Santhi²,

Seetharaman³

2019

IJRTE

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 Abstract: Invention of new electronic devices in this technology driven-world has been setting a new scale for faster reach in terms of utilization and communication. The imperfection in the System on Chip (SoC) lead to an innovation of Network on Chip (NoC) that elucidates the communication defects and thereby set a new path for the researchers to enhance the network connectivity. Nature is an inspiration for most of the technologies invented by the researchers. In this paper, we have dealt the existing physical flows and future difficulties with Reliable Reconfigurable Real-Time Operating System (R3TOS) as a software interface with NoC with the proposed customized topology of Transmission Rate based Topology Design using Dolphin Echolocation (TRTD-DE) algorithm. Echolocation is biological scanning system that used by dolphins for movement and chasing the prey. The above ability along with Data flow pipelining (DFP) constructs the customized topology that process the parallel flow of data in order with the availability of the input data. The topology effectively increases the performance due to the clustering phenomena. The algorithm greatly reduces the latency period which is the significant of the topology and increases the throughput. The objectives of the research in the reduction of transmission rate and energy utilization are tested with different multimedia benchmark applications. The transmission ratereduced to average of 41.39% while average of energy consumption reduced to 31.9%.

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“…• The gradual electron movement in the conducting wire causes a momentum transfer between electrons and ions of the interconnecting material. This momentum transfer results in Electromigration that leads to voids (open circuit) or hillocks (closed circuit) in the interconnects [18].…”

Section: Faults and Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable Hardware Architectures of the CORDIC Algorithm With a Fixed Angle of Rotations

Ramadoss

Kermani

Azarderakhsh

2017

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II

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for their immeasurable amount of guidance and assistance they have provided throughout my graduate program. Finally, I extend my deepest gratitude to my parents and my sister for their unceasing love, support and encouragement. This graduate paper is dedicated to my family. Declaration I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the contents of this dissertation are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other University. This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration, except where specifically indicated in the text.

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Electromigration—a tutorial introduction†

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Cast-Iron Pipe Corrosion on GPR Detection Performance in Clay Soils

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Cast-Iron Pipe Corrosion on GPR Detection Performance in Clay Soils

Dolphin Echolocation Based Generation of Application Definite Noc Custom Topology

Reliable Hardware Architectures of the CORDIC Algorithm With a Fixed Angle of Rotations

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