“…After China, Europe has the second-largest electric vehicle stock, with an impressive growth rate of 64.3 % in 2021 [ 38 ] and 15 % in 2022 [ 39 ]. The growth is projected to be exponential in the near future [ [39] , [40] , [41] ], giving a rapidly increasing proportion of BEVs among all passenger cars. This will lead to important questions not only related to emissions but also regarding electricity needs, which can be relevant to future research directions, too.…”