“…According to the low binding energy cutoffs (Figure b), the valence band maximum (VBM) value of the W 18 O 49 NWA-2, W 18 O 49 NWA, and W 18 O 49 NWA+2 can be obtained as ∼−7.38, ∼−7.42, and ∼−7.58 eV, respectively, relative to the vacuum level. Based on the UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum of the W 18 O 49 NWA, the bandgap energy of W 18 O 49 NWA can be achieved by the following equation: α h v = A ( h v − E g ) n / 2 where v , α, and E g are the frequency, absorption coefficient, and bandgap energy of the semiconductor, respectively. A is a constant.…”