Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs

Sorbie, Graeme G.; Grace, Fergal; Gu, Yaodong; Baker, Julien S.; Ugbolue, Ukadike C.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1334956

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Dynamic stretches were performed which targeted specific musculature highly active during the golf swing and was followed by five air swings. Following the warm-up, participants performed five golf shots using the TaylorMade driver 8,27,28 (TaylorMade, Basingstoke, UK) and a premium golf ball. After these initial five golf shots were completed, participants then completed a typical practice session, hitting 50 golf shots with the driver and 50 golf shots with the TaylorMade 7-iron (TaylorMade, Basingstoke, UK).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the X-Factor and X-Factor stretch during the completion of a golf practice session in low-handicap golfers

Sorbie

Baker

et al. 2018

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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1The X-Factor and X-Factor stretch have been positively correlated with golf long game 2 performance. The aim of this study was to compare the X-Factor, X-Factor stretch and long 3 game performance variables pre and following a golf practice session. A group of male golfers 4 (n = 15, handicap = 3.3 ± 1.7) participated in the laboratory-based-study. Movement and 5 performance variables were collected from five golf swings performed pre and following a golf 6 practice session using a motion capture system and launch monitor respectively. Following the 7 practice session, significant increases were observed in the X-Factor (p = 0.00, d = 0.22) and 8 the X-Factor stretch (p = 0.02, d = 0.25). Specifically, the X-Factor increased from 52.82 ± 9 5.64 ° to 54.06 ± 5.61 ° following the practice session. The X-Factor stretch increased from 10 1.54 ± 1.05 ° to 1.90 ± 1.41 ° following the practice session. Significant differences were 11 displayed in club head velocity (p = 0.00, d = 0.35), ball velocity (p = 0.01, d = 0.21) and actual 12 carry distance (p = 0.00, d = 0.29) following the practice session. These findings suggest that 13 performing multiple golf shots is not detrimental in terms of muscular fatigue in the long game 14 performance. In actual fact, the findings demonstrate that performing 100 golf shots increases 15 the X-Factor, X-Factor stretch patterns and performance variables which, in turn, increases 16 long game performance. These findings can help PGA golf Professionals improve teaching 17 practices and formulation of golf programmes and warm-up sessions. 18 19

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the X-Factor and X-Factor stretch during the completion of a golf practice session in low-handicap golfers

Sorbie

Baker

et al. 2018

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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“…The literature concerning sEMG applications in sports is very extensive and focused on physiology ( 191 , 192 ) training, prevention of injury, and recovery after injury (in particular the anterior cruciate ligament injury ( 193 ). Many sports have been investigated, in particular golf ( 194 ), jumping ( 195 ), cycling ( 196 ), sprinting ( 197 ), volleyball ( 198 ), but also strength training ( 199 , 200 ), back pain in rowers ( 201 ), patellofemoral pain ( 170 , 202 ), and aging ( 59 , 203 ). The distribution of muscle fiber conduction velocity, related to fiber diameter, may provide insight in muscle structure.…”

Section: Surface Emg Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface EMG in Clinical Assessment and Neurorehabilitation: Barriers Limiting Its Use

et al. 2020

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This article addresses the potential clinical value of techniques based on surface electromyography (sEMG) in rehabilitation medicine with specific focus on neurorehabilitation. Applications in exercise and sport pathophysiology, in movement analysis, in ergonomics and occupational medicine, and in a number of related fields are also considered. The contrast between the extensive scientific literature in these fields and the limited clinical applications is discussed. The “barriers” between research findings and their application are very broad, and are longstanding, cultural, educational, and technical. Cultural barriers relate to the general acceptance and use of the concept of objective measurement in a clinical setting and its role in promoting Evidence Based Medicine. Wide differences between countries exist in appropriate training in the use of such quantitative measurements in general, and in electrical measurements in particular. These differences are manifest in training programs, in degrees granted, and in academic/research career opportunities. Educational barriers are related to the background in mathematics and physics for rehabilitation clinicians, leading to insufficient basic concepts of signal interpretation, as well as to the lack of a common language with rehabilitation engineers. Technical barriers are being overcome progressively, but progress is still impacted by the lack of user-friendly equipment, insufficient market demand, gadget-like devices, relatively high equipment price and a pervasive lack of interest by manufacturers. Despite the recommendations provided by the 20-year old EU project on “Surface EMG for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM),” real international standards are still missing and there is minimal international pressure for developing and applying such standards. The need for change in training and teaching is increasingly felt in the academic world, but is much less perceived in the health delivery system and clinical environments. The rapid technological progress in the fields of sensor and measurement technology (including sEMG), assistive devices, and robotic rehabilitation, has not been driven by clinical demands. Our assertion is that the most important and urgent interventions concern enhanced education, more effective technology transfer, and increased academic opportunities for physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and kinesiologists.

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“…In the downswing, right-handed golfers flex their trunk to the right side and rotate their trunk to the left side. During the early phase of the downswing, the activity of the right ES is higher than that of the left side [4,23,24], whereas the activity of the left ES is higher than that of the right side in the late phase of the downswing [4,24,25]. On the basis of these findings, it appears that the right ES acts to flex the trunk to the right side in the early phase of the downswing, and the left ES contributes to the rotation of the trunk to the left side in the late phase of the downswing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Trunk Muscularity and Club Head Speed in Male Golfers

et al. 2020

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This study examined how the volume of trunk muscles and its bilateral asymmetry are related to club head speed in golfers. Fourteen right-handed male golfers performed five driver shots, and the club head speed for each trial was calculated from a three-dimensional reflective marker position of the club head immediately before impact. The volume of each side of the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, lateral abdominal wall muscle, and multifidus was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. For each muscle, the ratio of the larger to smaller side in muscle volume was calculated to assess bilateral asymmetry. The club head speed correlated positively with the volume of each side of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae, left quadratus lumborum, and the asymmetric ratio of the psoas major (r=0.595–0.747), but negatively with the asymmetric ratio of the quadratus lumborum (r=−0.641). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the right erector spinae volume and the asymmetric ratio of the psoas major were significant contributors for the club head speed (R2=0.797). These results indicate that the variation in the club head speed can be strongly explained by the absolute volume and bilateral asymmetry of specific trunk muscles.

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Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Analysis of the X-Factor and X-Factor stretch during the completion of a golf practice session in low-handicap golfers

Analysis of the X-Factor and X-Factor stretch during the completion of a golf practice session in low-handicap golfers

Surface EMG in Clinical Assessment and Neurorehabilitation: Barriers Limiting Its Use

Relationship between Trunk Muscularity and Club Head Speed in Male Golfers

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