Electron-beam deposition of chromium carbide–based coatings with an ultradispersed structure or a nanostructure

Reactive High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering of Chromium-Carbon Films

“…The combination of chromium and carbon can synthesize various compounds, including metallic alloy, chromium carbides of different stoichiometric compositions, and carbon-based materials, which show different hardness, toughness, chemical stability, electrical conductivity, and tribological properties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Metal-carbon thin films are easily synthesized via plasma-enhanced physical vapor depositions, such as cathodic arc ion plating [5,6,9], magnetron sputtering [10][11][12][13][14][15], electron-beam deposition [16,17], high-power impulse magnetron sputtering [12,[18][19][20], and a hybrid method [21]. The hardness of chromium carbide is varied up to ten times depending on the deposition processes [13][14][15].…”

“…The fractions of sp3/sp2 bonding ratio and nanocrystalline carbide phases influence the hardness, elastic modulus, and thermal stability of coatings [15,24]. The ratio of a-C:H and carbide phases is usually dominated by the mixture ratio of hydrocarbon and inert gas during the deposition [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], and the sp3/sp2 bonding ratio of a-C:H phases and grain size of carbides are strongly affected by the substrate bias voltage and the pulse width [6,14,18,19].…”

SEM Studies on the Microstructure and Phase Composition Distribution in Cr₃C₂ + TiC Claddings on Low-Carbon Steel

“…Combination of the effect of the electron beam with the introduction of alloying elements enables creation of Febased coatings with hardening phases. A number of coatings on low-carbon steel have been studied up to now including claddings of titanium, carbon and molybdenum [1], iron and graphite [2,3], iron and boron [4], titanium, carbon and boron carbide [5] mixtures; boron [6], boron carbide [7] and tungsten carbide [8,9]; chromium carbides without other compounds and in combination with titanium carbide [10,11]. The thickness of the clad coatings can reach some millimeters depending on the irradiation conditions, so the structural characteristics obtained in local areas or averaged ones are usually used when the structure and phase composition of the coatings are described.…”

“…The distribution of the structure and phase composition in the thick coating is of significant interest. However, it frequently remains unstudied [7,10,11]. Taking into account the above, the structural characteristics, phase and chemical composition of the coatings formed on the low-carbon steel as well as their distribution in the coating were investigated in dependence of the density of the applied energy.…”

The Structure, Microhardness and Wear Resistance of Coatings Obtained through Non-Vacuum Electron Beam Cladding of Chromium and Titanium Carbides on Low Carbon Steel

“…They created and investigated a number of coatings on low carbon steel using cladding of boron [1], the mixtures of titanium, carbon and molybdenum [2], iron and carbon [3], iron and boron [4], titanium, carbon and boron carbide [5], Ni-Cr-Si-Fe-B [6], etc. The scientific team from Tomsk uses carbide powders to clad, including chromium carbide separately and in combination with titanium carbide [7], boron carbide [8] and tungsten carbide [9]. There are scientific works on creation of wear resistant coatings on austenite [10] and mild [11] steels.…”