Electron-beam spectroscopy for nanophotonics

Polman, A.; Kociak, Mathieu; Abajo, F. Javier García de

doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0409-1

Cited by 270 publications

(254 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…Independent of the emission cone in the material, the emission into the surrounding is isotropic and covers the whole hemispheres. As the solar photons, directly reaching the absorber, are limited to a very small angle of 6 × 10 –5 steradians, isotropic emission accounts for generation of entropy which is connected to a loss in free energy, i.e., voltage . Assuming a band edge absorber, we can rewrite Equation considering the solid angle of the solar Ω sun and emission Ω em spectrum:

\begin{matrix} e V_{oc} = k_{normalB} T \ln \frac{e \int_{Ω_{sun}} \int_{E_{g}}^{\infty} AM 1.5 d d E \cos φ d Ω}{e \int_{Ω_{em}} \int_{E_{g}}^{\infty} φ_{BB} d E \cos φ d Ω} - k_{normalB} T \ln {normalEQE}_{EL}^{- 1} \\ = E_{normalg} - k_{normalB} T \ln \frac{Ω_{em}}{Ω_{sun}} - f (E_{g}, T_{0}, T_{sun}) - k_{normalB} T \ln {normalEQE}_{EL}^{- 1} \\ \approx 1.6 eV - 0.27 eV - k_{normalB} T \ln {normalEQE}_{EL}^{- 1} \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Towards Perovskite Solar Cells Of the 3rd Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Solar Cells on the Way to Their Radiative Efficiency Limit – Insights Into a Success Story of High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Low Recombination

Tress

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

488

389

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the first years, which I denote as 1 st generation perovskite solar cells, were limited by heterogeneous, rough and non-conformal films or particles (partly in classical dyesensitized solar cell architecture), [1,4,9,10] state-of-the art devices (referred to as 2 nd generation) comprise very compact, smooth films. [8,[11][12][13][14][15] The efficiency of state-of-the-art 2 nd generation devices, which is about 20%, can still be slightly improved by following the present trajectory of fine tuning the perovskite itself and its interfaces to charge transport layers.In this progress report I elucidate the outstanding material properties that rendered the perovskite success story possible, trying to shed some light on the processes determining V oc . After a brief introduction into the thermodynamics defining the theoretical, so-called radiative, efficiency limit of any solar cell, I will address the progress made on understanding and avoiding recombination processes in perovskite that reduce V oc below its radiative limit. I will comment on suitable characterization methods to quantify and identify recombination rates and mechanisms. Finally, I attempt to draw a roadmap on how far the efficiency of perovskite solar cells can go and what design principles are to be pursued to reach a 3 rd generation of highly efficient photovoltaic and other optoelectronic devices.

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\begin{matrix} e V_{oc} = k_{normalB} T \ln \frac{e \int_{Ω_{sun}} \int_{E_{g}}^{\infty} AM 1.5 d d E \cos φ d Ω}{e \int_{Ω_{em}} \int_{E_{g}}^{\infty} φ_{BB} d E \cos φ d Ω} - k_{normalB} T \ln {normalEQE}_{EL}^{- 1} \\ = E_{normalg} - k_{normalB} T \ln \frac{Ω_{em}}{Ω_{sun}} - f (E_{g}, T_{0}, T_{sun}) - k_{normalB} T \ln {normalEQE}_{EL}^{- 1} \\ \approx 1.6 eV - 0.27 eV - k_{normalB} T \ln {normalEQE}_{EL}^{- 1} \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Towards Perovskite Solar Cells Of the 3rd Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Solar Cells on the Way to Their Radiative Efficiency Limit – Insights Into a Success Story of High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Low Recombination

Tress

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

488

389

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“…Further, a hybrid of phosphorene nanosheets with red phosphorus may provide better yields of photocatalytic products due to the presence of more active sites, as well as readily tunable bands. Therefore, phosphorene, as a new member of the 2D family, can act as an electrocatalyst and photocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction with the advantage of high efficiency and utilization of full spectral range of solar energy …”

Section: Photocatalysts For Solar Fuel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Phosphorene and Black Phosphorus in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

Pang

Bachmatiuk

Yin

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

451

253

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Black phosphorus was first synthesized by Bridgman in 1914 [1] but has been less intensively studied in the past century due The successful isolation of phosphorene (atomic layer thick black phosphorus) in 2014 has currently aroused the interest of 2D material researchers. In this review, first, the fundamentals of phosphorus allotropes, phosphorene, and black phosphorus, are briefly introduced, along with their structures, properties, and synthesis methods. Second, the readers are presented with an overview of their energy applications. Particularly in electrochemical energy storage, the large interlayer spacing (0.53 nm) in phosphorene allows the intercalation/deintercalation of larger ions as compared to its graphene counterpart. Therefore, phosphorene may possess greater potential for high electrochemical performance. In addition, the status of lithium ion batteries as well as secondary sodium ion batteries is reviewed. Next, each application for energy generation, conversion, and storage is described in detail with milestones as well as the challenges. These emerging applications include supercapacitors, photovoltaic devices, water splitting, photocatalytic hydrogenation, oxygen evolution, and thermoelectric generators. Finally the fast-growing dynamic field of phosphorene research is summarized and perspectives on future possibilities are presented calling on the efforts of chemists, physicists, and material scientists

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“…However, they can be excited by an electron beam in a scanning transmission-electron microscope (STEM), taking advantage of the near-field excitation and detection using electron-energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy [5,10,11]. In conjunction with the electron-energy loss spectrum, this technique allows to probe the electromagnetic local density-of-states (LDOS) of plasmonic nanostructures projected to the swift electron's trajectory [12][13][14][15]. In the case of thin structures -such as the one studied in this manuscript -this provides a very good idea of the spatial distribution of the LDOS experienced by a vertically aligned emitter and therefore of the plasmonic mode structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of substrates for the visibility of "dark" plasmonic modes

Fiedler¹,

Raza²,

Ai³

et al. 2020

Opt. Express

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Dark plasmonic modes have interesting properties, such as a longer lifetime and a narrower linewidth than their radiative counterpart, as well as little to no radiative losses. However, they have not been extensively studied yet due to their optical inaccessibility. Using electron-energy loss (EEL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, the dark radial breathing modes (RBMs) in thin, monochrystalline gold nanodisks are systematically investigated in this work. It is found that the RBMs can be detected in a CL set-up despite only collecting the far-field. Their visibility in CL is attributed to the breaking of the mirror symmetry by the high-index substrate, creating an effective dipole moment. The outcoupling into the far-field is demonstrated to be enhanced by a factor of 4 by increasing the thickness of the supporting SiN membrane from 5 nm to 50 nm due to the increased net electric dipole moment in the substrate. Furthermore, it is shown that the resonance energy of RBMs can be easily tuned by varying the diameter of the nanodisk, making them promising candidates for nanophotonic applications.

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Electron-beam spectroscopy for nanophotonics

Cited by 270 publications

References 170 publications

Perovskite Solar Cells on the Way to Their Radiative Efficiency Limit – Insights Into a Success Story of High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Low Recombination

Perovskite Solar Cells on the Way to Their Radiative Efficiency Limit – Insights Into a Success Story of High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Low Recombination

Applications of Phosphorene and Black Phosphorus in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

Importance of substrates for the visibility of "dark" plasmonic modes

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