Electron Diffraction Studies of Active, Passive, and Transpassive Oxide Films Formed on Iron

Foley, C. L.; Krüger, J.; Bechtoldt, C. J.

doi:10.1149/1.2424199

Cited by 183 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Equations (14) to (16) are the basic equations to be solved. The boundary and initial conditions should be based on the real physical conditions such as the geometry of the ducts in the post-tensioned beams or the surface condition of the beams without a metal conduit.…”

Section: An Simplified Approach For Predicting the Corrosion Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis and modeling of corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete

Wu¹,

Clifton²

1981

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Development of conceptual and mathematical models describing the corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete is outlined. The application of the principles of stress corrosion and general corrosion to understanding the mechanisms involved in corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete is discussed. The first step in estimating the failure time of a prestressed concrete structural system because of corrosion of the reinforcing steel is to estimate corrosion rates under various realistic conditions. A simplified approach based on mathematical modeling of concrete properties for estimating corrosion rates is proposed.Before the proposed mathematical model can be applied to practical problems information is needed on the specific mechanisms of corrosion cell processes of steel in prestressed concrete.In addition, well designed corrosion tests need to be performed in which the important factors affecting the corrosion rates are considered.

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Section: An Simplified Approach For Predicting the Corrosion Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. Perform corrosion tests in which the Important factors affecting the corrosion rates are taken into consideration. 3. Determine the functions in equations (15) and (16) using the data obtained in research need no. 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis and modeling of corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete

Wu¹,

Clifton²

1981

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“…For example the passivity associated with the outer layers of the passive film on iron was found to depend on the role of hydrogen in promoting the formation of the crystalline y-Fe 2 03. 33 Therefore, the role of hydrogen may not be only related to the promotion of noncrystall i ni ty or its effect on the structure of noncrystall ine films.…”

Section: Noncrystallinity and Passivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of passive film growth kinetics and properties in stress corrosion and crevice corrosion susceptibility

Kruger¹,

Ambrose²,

Carroll³

et al. 1977

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The entry of hydrogen into a metal's lattice is known to lead to the phenomenon called hydrogen embrittlement for some alloy systems.It is not known, however, why some alloys suffer such hydrogen damage and others do not.It is not even clear which alloys do suffer such damage.For example, it is controversial as to whether the stress corrosion of austenitic stainless steel is due to hydrogen entry into the alloy's lattice or to the mechanisms not involving hydrogen. Moreover, if hydrogen damage is known to occur, its mechanism if, indeed, there is a single mechanism, is poorly understood and controversial (1).In order to provide further insights into how hydrogen entry into a lattice produces conditions that lead to sub-critical crack growth, it would be valuable to examine on an atomic scale if possible, the rearrangements new phase formations and other disturbances that hydrogen produces when it enters a metal lattice.The possibility for making such examinations exists through the use of field ion microscopy (FIM).Recently, this laboratory completed a study on the effects of hydrogen entry into the lattice of titanium using FIM (2).The results obtained by FIM for the beginning steps of hydrogen entry agreed with earlier eletron microscopy studies with regard to the crystal lographic relationships found for titarium hydride formation. In the Ti studies the hydrogen was introduced as a gas by using it as an imaging gas.The stress required for hydrogen entry was provided by the high fields present when using FIM. Hancock and Johnson (3) have shown that in microscopic systems sub-critical crack growth can be produced in low pressure hydrogenThe work described here seeks to extend the earlier Ti study by applying the FIM to an examination of the effect of gaseous hydrogen on a number of alloys and uranium, a metal known to suffer extensive hydrogen damage.In the group of alloys studied are 1080 steel, 304 stainless steel and Fe-24% Cr alloy. EQUIPMENTThe field ion microscope was equipped with a 75 mm diam microchannel plate image intensifies and a specimen-quick-change chamber for rapid specimen insertion and withdrawal.Routinely, images from two specimens could be obtained within a half an hour's time.This was an important advantage in the following studies involving the hydrogen interaction with several types of specimens, pure metals and alloys, subjected to a variety of environmental and preimaging treatments promoting hydrogen/metal interactions.Furthermore, the images obtained were generally unstable, thus requiring image intensification in order to achieve the necessarily fractional second, photographic exposure times. The specimen temperatures below room temperature were controlled by adjusting the flow of cold gaseous helium from a liquid helium dewar over specimenmount-feed-through pin.During field ion microscopy reagent grade imaging 1 gases were continuously flowed through the imaging chamber. shows a field ion micrograph of 1080 steel imaged with a helium-neon gas mixture.Boundaries (arrows) appear...

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“…KATO and ARAI, 59 and KRUGER et al 53 The highlights of their investigations were as follows: (i) films on the iron surface are multilayered; (ii) growth kinetics are controlled by the inner layer (Fe 3 0 4 ); (iii) there is an epitaxial relationship of the film to the iron substrate; and (iv) films include y-FeO-OH, a-Fe 2 0 3 , and Fe 3 0 4 mixtures having orthorhombic, hexagonal and cubic structures, respectively, in weak solutions of sodium hydroxide containing other anions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…KRUGER et al, 53 examined orientation relationships between the oxide on {100} , {110 ( , {ill} , {210} and {21l} orientations of single crystals and metal substrate for specimens exposed in 0.1N NaOH at 25°C. They found that the Fe 3 0 4 films formed in the prepassive on transpassive regions of the polarization curve on these single crystals showed an epitaxial relationship to substrate in all orientations except the {lio} plane.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND GENERAL CORROSION OF IRON, NICKEL, CHROMIUM, AND THEIR ALLOYS IN CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS. Quarterly Report, January 15, 1969--April 15, 1969.

Subrahmanyam¹,

Staehle²

1970

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Electron Diffraction Studies of Active, Passive, and Transpassive Oxide Films Formed on Iron

Cited by 183 publications

References 13 publications

Analysis and modeling of corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete

Analysis and modeling of corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete

The role of passive film growth kinetics and properties in stress corrosion and crevice corrosion susceptibility

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND GENERAL CORROSION OF IRON, NICKEL, CHROMIUM, AND THEIR ALLOYS IN CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS. Quarterly Report, January 15, 1969--April 15, 1969.

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