Electron Microscopical Replica Techniques for the Study of Organic Surfaces

Barnes, R. Bowling; Burton, Charles J.; Scott, Robert G.

doi:10.1063/1.1707528

Cited by 43 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Fortunately, the very difficulties encountered in volume measurement are due to the peculiarities of fiber structure which the investigator in the field is anxious to discover. A careful study of textile fiber density should lead, theoretically at least, to useful information concerning the inner structure of the textile fiber.There is considerable evidence indicating that cellulose fibers contain pores, the dimensions of which are far larger than the dimensions of most molecules [ 1,3,14,16 ] . Some fibers, such as cotton, have a lumen, and the existence of much finer microscopic or even submicroscopic capillary spaces seems alto-*…”

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The Fine Structure of Cotton Fibers from Density Measurements

Wakeham

1949

Textile Research Journal

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Research on the apparent densities of cellulose fibers in different liquids gives information concerning inner fiber structure which may be useful in characterizing certain desirable properties of cotton fibers. The following report describes an investigation of some factors involved in evaluating density data in terms of fiber structure. The interpretation is made of some experimentally determined densities of cotton and rayon fibers in benzene and in dioctyl phthalate —two liquids differing greatly in molecular dimensions—and in mercury, a nonwetting liquid. In the last case, the "over-all density" of a fiber, defined as the average density of all material within the outer wall of the fiber, is determined by a method utilizing a mercury-pressure volumenometer.In the case of the wetting liquids, higher densities were obtained with benzene—which has the smaller molecule; this indicates that the fibers have pore spaces which in size approach the dimensions of the molecule. When the cotton fibers are cut into short sections, about 1 mm. long, more of these pores and intrafiber channels are open to the liquid medium; a higher density is, therefore, obtained for the cut fibers than for the whole fibers. Pore-space values within the fiber are calculated and compared with values obtained by other methods. The significance of these observations in the consideration of fiber structure is discussed. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY, or mass per unit volume, of a substance requires evaluation of the weight and the volume of a given sample of the material. The weight of a sample of textile material is relatively easily measured, but the determination of volume presents a rather difficult problem. Fortunately, the very difficulties encountered in volume measurement are due to the peculiarities of fiber structure which the investigator in the field is anxious to discover. A careful study of textile fiber density should lead, theoretically at least, to useful information concerning the inner structure of the textile fiber.There is considerable evidence indicating that cellulose fibers contain pores, the dimensions of which are far larger than the dimensions of most molecules [ 1,3,14,16 ] . Some fibers, such as cotton, have a lumen, and the existence of much finer microscopic or even submicroscopic capillary spaces seems alto-*

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“…There is considerable evidence indicating that cellulose fibers contain pores, the dimensions of which are far larger than the dimensions of most molecules [ 1,3,14,16 ] . Some fibers, such as cotton, have a lumen, and the existence of much finer microscopic or even submicroscopic capillary spaces seems alto-596 [17,18,26].…”

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The Fine Structure of Cotton Fibers from Density Measurements

Wakeham

1949

Textile Research Journal

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“…Thinner replicas such as those used with the electron microscope may be examined as made or after shadowcasting. (Barnes et al, 1945;Hershman, 1945;Scott and Wyckoff, 1949; and Wyckoff, 1947, describe methods.) Further discussion may be found in Section 8 of Chapter V and Section 8 of Chapter VI.…”

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Phase microscopy; principles and applications [by] Alva H. Bennett [and others]

Bennett¹

1951

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PREFACE ix greatly encouraged us at an early stage of our work with his favorable observations of living cancer cells by means of our initial phase microscopic equipment. We wish to express our indebtedness to Mr. Bryant Glenny, Jr., General Manager of the Instrument Division, American Optical Company, Buffalo, New York, for his encouragement throughout our investigations. This work would have been incomplete without the cooperation of many of the world's outstanding makers of microscopes and allied equipment. These manufacturers have kindly supplied the illustrations of commercially available phase microscopes.

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“…Useful information concerning the particulate or fibrillar nature of the sample can be obtained by this technique, but one cannot tell how such components are organized or where they are located in the fiber. Barnes, Burton, and Scott [3] modified a technique of Heidenreich and Matheson [9] to allow observation of fiber surface structure. The technique involved the production of a plastic replica of the surface from which a thin, positive, silica replica was produced.…”

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The Application of Electron Microscopy to Synthetic Fibers

Scott

Ferguson

1956

Textile Research Journal

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A review of present electron microscope techniques used in the study of synthetic fibers is presented. These include surface replication and ultrathin sectioning. A new method is introduced in which the region to be studied is made insoluble either by chemicals or 60 kv. electrons and then the unaffected region is removed by solvents. The application of this technique to surface or internal fiber structure is reported.WITH the introduction of the electron microscope to industrial research in the late 1930's, attempts were made almost immediately to apply the instrument to the problem of physical characterization of textile fibers. It is beyond the scope of this report to do more than outline the effort to gain useful information in that field. Many good reviews of the special techniques involved have been published [6,8] . These special methods are required principally because of the limiting thickness of samples capable of such study.Attention was first turned to techniques that involved partial disintegration of the fiber before observation. Barnes and Burton [2] were first to show a direct comparison of results obtained from this technique, when applied to the electron microscope and to the light microscope. In their study, cellulose fibers were fragmented in a Waring Blendor. In more recent work Wuhrman, Heuberger, and Muhlethaler [20] have shown that ultrasonic treatment can produce the same effect. Useful information concerning the particulate or fibrillar nature of the sample can be obtained by this technique, but one cannot tell how such components are organized or where they are located in the fiber.Barnes, Burton, and Scott [3] modified a technique of Heidenreich and Matheson [9] to allow observation of fiber surface structure. The technique involved the production of a plastic replica of the surface from which a thin, positive, silica replica was produced. This method has been widely used and modified. Replicas of more uniform quality have been produced by single-step evaporation methods [14], and contrast in detail was improved by the introduction of the shadow-casting techniques of Williams and Wyckoff [19].These techniques have recently been used to gain information concerning the interior structure of fibers. Cobbold, Daubney, Deutsch, and Markey [4] have shown longitudinal fibrillation in polyethylene terephthalate monofils that had been split along their long axis followed by replication of the freshly produced surface. Kassenbeck [13] ] has shown that by polishing cut ends of fibers, variations in hardness of the skin and core can be revealed by proper replication. Peck [17] ] has demonstrated that solvent etching can be used, as it is in metallurgy, to produce or enhance surface structures.At the same time that replica techniques were being developed, attempts were underway to extend methods used to produce thin sections for light microscopy so that they might be used in electron microscopy to show internal structures by direct observation. The problem was one of cutting samples one-tenth as ...

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Electron Microscopical Replica Techniques for the Study of Organic Surfaces

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

The Fine Structure of Cotton Fibers from Density Measurements

The Fine Structure of Cotton Fibers from Density Measurements

Phase microscopy; principles and applications [by] Alva H. Bennett [and others]

The Application of Electron Microscopy to Synthetic Fibers

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