Electron Microscopy

Botty, Martin C.; Thomas, Ann

doi:10.1021/ac60185a016

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The negative staining technique from liquid viral samples, based on the deposition of viruses on carbon-coated grids and stained with heavy metals salts (e.g., lead, tungsten, and uranium ions are used in both staining techniques) used widely. Freezing or formalizing samples is a common mistake in TEM practice [ 103 – 106 ].…”

Section: Molecular and Non-molecular Virus Detection Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections

2021

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Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1–3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.

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Section: Molecular and Non-molecular Virus Detection Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%