Electron microscopy of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer of the rhesus monkey retina

Mariani, Andrew P.; Caserta, Maria T.

doi:10.1007/bf01611863

Cited by 44 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Similar findings have been described previously in turtle (Eldred & Cheung, 1989;Hurd & Eldred, 1989), as well as reported in other species (Marc et al, 1978;Marc, 1985Marc, , 1986Marc, , 1989Marc & Liu, 1985;Yazulla, 1986;Pourcho & Goebel, 1987;Hendrickson et al, 1988;Yazulla & Studholme, 1990). Also common to other vertebrates, GABAergic and glycinergic strata overlap, spanning most of the IPL (Marc & Lam, 1981;Kleinschmidt & Yazulla, 1984;Marc, 1985;Marc & Liu, 1985;Marc, 1986;Mariani & Caserta, 1986;Mosinger et al, 1986;Pourcho & Goebel, 1987;Hendrickson et al, 1988;Muller & Marc, 1990). Sections of moderately labeled immunocytochemical preparations were chosen, so that the dominant strata could better be compared to autoradiographic uptake patterns.…”

Section: Light-microscopic Autoradiography and Immunocytochemistrysupporting

confidence: 84%

Synaptic inputs to physiologically defined turtle retinal ganglion cells

Muller

Ammermüller²,

Normann³

et al. 1991

Vis Neurosci

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Two physiologically distinct, HRP-marked turtle retinal ganglion cells were examined for their morphology, GABAergic, glycinergic, and bipolar cell synaptic inputs, using electron-microscopic autoradiography and postembedding immunocytochemistry. One cell was a color-opponent, transient ON/OFF ganglion cell. Its center response to red was a sustained hyperpolarization, and its center response to green was a depolarization with increased spiking at onset. The HRP-injected cell most resembled G6, from previous Golgi-impregnation studies (Kolb, 1982;Kolb et al., 1988). It was a narrow-field bistratified cell, whose two broad dendritic strata peaked at approximately levels L20-25 (sublamina a) and L60 (sublamina b) of the inner plexiform layer. Bipolar cell synapses onto G6 were found evenly distributed between its distal and proximal dendritic strata, spanning L20-75. These inputs probably originated from several different bipolar cells, reflecting the complexity of the center response. GABAergic inputs were found onto both the distal and proximal strata, from near L20-L85. Only a few glycinergic inputs, confined to dendrites at L50-70, were observed.A second ganglion cell type that we physiologically characterized and HRP-injected had sustained ON-center, sustained OFF-surround responses. Two examples were studied; both were bistratified in sublamina b, near L60-70 and L85-100, with branches up to near L40. They resembled G10, from previous Golgi-impregnation studies (Kolb, 1982;Kolb et al., 1988). One cell was partially reconstructed to look at the distributions of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cell, and bipolar cell inputs. Although synapses from bipolar cells were equally divided between the two major dendritic strata of G10, the inputs to the distal stratum were close to the soma, and the inputs to the more proximal stratum were on the peripheral dendrites. This arrangement may reflect input from two distinct types of ON-bipolar cell. GABAergic and glycinergic inputs to G10 costratified to both strata and to the distal branches; but where glycinergic inputs were found distributed throughout the arbor, GABAergic inputs appeared to be confined to peripheral dendrites. We hypothesize on the neural elements involved and the circuitry that may underlie the physiologically recorded receptive fields of these two very different ganglion cell types in the turtle retina.

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Section: Light-microscopic Autoradiography and Immunocytochemistrysupporting

confidence: 84%

Synaptic inputs to physiologically defined turtle retinal ganglion cells

Muller

Ammermüller²,

Normann³

et al. 1991

Vis Neurosci

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“…The evidence for GAB A as the horizontal cell neurotransmitter has been equivocal (Brandon, 1985;Redburn & Madtes, 1986;Yazulla, 1986;Wassle & Chun, 1989;Sarthy & Fu, 1989), while GABAergic amacrine cells that synapse upon bipolar cells have been found in primates (Mariani & Caserta, 1986). Furthermore, color opponency via horizontal cells would require color-selective contacts not found in primates (Boycott et al, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Red/green opponency in the rhesus macaque ERG spectral sensitivity is reduced by bicuculline

Mills

Sperling

1990

Vis Neurosci

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Spectral-sensitivity curves were derived from the a-, b-, and tf-waves of rhesus monkey ERGs after injection of bicuculline, strychnine, or no drug. Without drug injection, the a-and d-wave curves were well-fit by an additive model of weighted photoreceptor absorption spectra, while the 6-wave curve requires inhibitory terms to produce an adequate fit. Bicuculline, but not strychnine, reduced the weight assigned to the inhibitory terms in a dose-dependent fashion, to the point that no inhibition was evident. The results suggest that GABAergic synapses are required for the expression of red/green color opponency in primate bipolar cells.

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“…Anatomic serial synapses between presumed GABAergic ACs have been previously described by Vaughn et al (1981), Zucker et al (1984), Mariani and Caserta (1986); Muller and Marc (1990), Koontz et al (1993) and because we now know that Ͼ90% of all conventional synapses in the teleost inner plexiform layer are GABAϩ, it is easy to conceive that most examples of serial conventional synapses are GABAergic. The interpretation that the majority of the synapses between GABAϩ amacrine cells are GABAergic, rather than involving a colocalized neurotransmitter, is also based on the presumption that distinct conventional synaptic complexes associated with small electron lucent vesicles represent fast transmission elements.…”

Section: Gabaergic Connectivity In the Inner Plexiform Layer Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 97%

Fundamental GABAergic amacrine cell circuitries in the retina: Nested feedback, concatenated inhibition, and axosomatic synapses

Marc

Liu²

2000

J. Comp. Neurol.

128

147

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Presynaptic gamma-aminobutyrate-immunoreactive (GABA+) profiles were mapped in the cyprinid retina with overlay microscopy: a fusion of electron and optical imaging affording high-contrast ultrastructural and immunocytochemical visualization. GABA+ synapses, deriving primarily from amacrine cells (ACs), compose 92% of conventional synapses and 98% of the input to bipolar cells (BCs) in the inner plexiform layer. GABA+ AC synapses, the sign-inverting elements of signal processing, are deployed in micronetworks and distinctive synaptic source/target topologies. Nested feedback micronetworks are formed by three types of links (BC --> AC, reciprocal BC <-- AC, and AC --> AC synapses) arranged as nested BC<--> [AC --> AC] loops. Circuits using nested feedback can possess better temporal performance than those using simple reciprocal feedback loops. Concatenated GABA+ micronetworks of AC --> AC and AC --> AC --> AC chains are common and must be key elements for lateral spatial, temporal, and spectral signal processing. Concatenated inhibitions may represent exceptionally stable, low-gain, sign-conserving devices for receptive field construction. Some chain elements are GABA immunonegative (GABA-) and are, thus, likely glycinergic synapses. GABA+ synaptic baskets target the somas of certain GABA+ and GABA- cells, resembling cortical axosomatic synapses. Finally, all myelinated intraretinal profiles are GABA+, suggesting that some efferent systems are sources of GABAergic inhibition in the cyprinid retina and may comprise all axosomatic synapses. These micronetworks are likely the fundamental elements for receptive field shaping in the inner plexiform layer, although few receptive field models incorporate them as functional components. Conversely, simple feedback and feedforward synapses may often be chimeras: the result of an incomplete view of synaptic topology.

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Electron microscopy of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer of the rhesus monkey retina

Cited by 44 publications

References 29 publications

Synaptic inputs to physiologically defined turtle retinal ganglion cells

Synaptic inputs to physiologically defined turtle retinal ganglion cells

Red/green opponency in the rhesus macaque ERG spectral sensitivity is reduced by bicuculline

Fundamental GABAergic amacrine cell circuitries in the retina: Nested feedback, concatenated inhibition, and axosomatic synapses

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