2020
DOI: 10.1029/2020ja027777
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Electron Pitch‐Angle Distribution in Earth's Magnetotail: Pancake, Cigar, Isotropy, Butterfly, and Rolling‐Pin

Abstract: Electron pitch-angle distributions, including isotropy, pancake, cigar, butterfly, and recently discovered rolling-pin distributions, are crucial to understanding electron dynamics in the magnetotail. However, occurrence rates of these distributions remain unclear. Here, for the first time, we reveal the occurrence rates of these distributions in the magnetotail by using Cluster data during 2001-2009, with special focus on the newly reported rolling-pin distribution. We find that percentages of these distribut… Show more

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Cited by 28 publications
(29 citation statements)
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References 94 publications
(127 reference statements)
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“…To identify the type of electron PAD in the radiation belts and magnetotail, Ni, Zou, et al (2016) and Liu et al (2020) defined their criteria by using the flux ratio between different α . In this research, we use a similar method to classify different types of electrons PADs.…”
Section: Data Set and Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…To identify the type of electron PAD in the radiation belts and magnetotail, Ni, Zou, et al (2016) and Liu et al (2020) defined their criteria by using the flux ratio between different α . In this research, we use a similar method to classify different types of electrons PADs.…”
Section: Data Set and Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There are a variety of acceleration and loss mechanisms that affect electron flux variations and corresponding pitch angle distributions (PADs), such as wave‐particle interactions (Hua et al, 2019; Huang et al, 2015; Ni et al, 2019; Summers et al, 2007, 2009; Tang et al, 2014; H. Zhao, Ni, et al, 2019) and magnetospheric compression by enhanced solar wind activities (Ni, Xiang, et al, 2016; Shprits et al, 2006; Yuan & Zong, 2013). In such a case, the long‐term statistical characteristics of different electron PADs are very important dynamic properties of energetic electrons, which provide essential indicators to understand the physical processes of electron transport, energization, and loss (Liu et al, 2020; Ni, Zou, et al, 2016; Peng et al, 2020; Shi et al, 2016; Tang & Summers, 2019; H. Zhao et al, 2018; Zhong et al, 2020).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…At the center of the plasma sheet is the thin neutral current sheet, which is characterized by a relatively high plasma β of ∼0, and a magnetic field strength of near zero (Lui, 1987). Although isotropic electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) are the most dominant in the plasma sheet, many cases of pitch angle anisotropy have also been found (e.g., Walsh et al, 2013;Artemyev et al, 2014;Liu et al, 2020). These intervals correspond to a colder and denser electron population and are linked to: cold anisotropic ionospheric outflows (Walsh et al, 2013), and a penetration of cold electrons from the magnetosheath near the flanks (Artemyev et al, 2014).…”
Section: The Magnetotailmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The distribution may be related to the global‐scale Fermi acceleration together with local‐scale betatron acceleration (e.g., Liu, Fu, Xu, Cao, et al., 2017). Recently, the electron energy range (Zhao et al., 2019), the new theory for energetic electron generation (Fu, Zhao, et al., 2020), and the occurrence rate of the “rolling‐pin” distribution (Liu et al., 2020) have been well studied.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%