Electron momentum spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopyp rovide unique information about electronic structure,b ut their interpretation has been controversial. This essay discusses aframework for interpretation. Although this interpretation is not new,webelieve it is important to present this framework in light of recent publications.T he key point is that these experiments provide information about how the electron distribution changes upon ionization, not how electrons behave in the pre-ionized state.T herefore,t hese experiments do not lead to a"selection of the correct orbitals" in chemistry and do not overturn the well-known conclusion that both delocalized molecular orbitals and localized molecular orbitals are useful for interpreting chemical structure and dynamics. The two types of orbitals can produce identical total molecular electron densities and therefore molecular properties.Different types of orbitals are useful for different purposes.