The complex [Fe(Hdmg) 2 (MeIm) 2 ] 1, referred to as ferroxime(), was found to be the precursor of a selective catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (H 2 dbcat) to the corresponding 1,2-benzoquinone (dtbq) at room temperature and atmospheric dioxygen pressure. The observed kinetic behaviour in MeOH is consistent with solvolysis of one MeIm ligand and binding of dioxygen to the five-co-ordinate intermediate to form a superoxo complex. The latter abstracts an H atom from H 2 dbcat via a hydrogen-bonded ternary active intermediate, affording the semiquinone anion radical dbsq Ϫ and [Fe III (Hdmg) 2 (MeIm)(O 2 H)]. Utilising an electron and a proton from H 2 dbcat, the latter undergoes heterolytic cleavage to yield a ferryl species, which rapidly oxidises a second H 2 dbcat. Complexation of dbsq Ϫ with [Fe II (Hdmg) 2 (MeIm)] affords a strongly coloured paramagnetic species [Fe II (Hdmg) 2 (MeIm)(dbsq Ϫ )], which persists throughout the catalytic reaction, acting as buffer for dbsq Ϫ . The proposed mechanism involves steps similar to those of the known cytochrome P450 cycle, with H 2 dbcat acting as both ancillary electron source and substrate.