Electronic and geometric corrugation of periodically rippled, self-nanostructured graphene epitaxially grown on Ru(0001)

Borca, Bogdana; Barja, Sara; Garnica, Manuela; Minniti, Marina; Politano, Antonio; Rodriguez-García, Josefa M.; Hinarejos, J. J.; Farı́as, Daniel; Parga, Amadeo L. Vázquez de; Miranda, Rodolfo

doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/9/093018

Cited by 142 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…values indicate a graphene corrugation which favors none of the reported values [20,23,29]. The result from the first SXRD model reported a corrugation of 0.82±0.15Å [20].…”

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confidence: 71%

“…The validity of the 25 23 model containing two different moiron species has been called into question because of studies indicating a rotation of the carbon lattice away from the substrate high-symmetry directions [18,23,24]. Using STM, a rotation of 4.5 ± 0.5…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• of the carbon lattice with respect to the Ru-substrate was found [23], and it was proposed [18,23] that this is the reason for the 23×23 unit cell. Indeed, on the same sample, our STM data also revealed regions where the carbon chains are rotated by 5…”

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confidence: 99%

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Moiré beatings in graphene on Ru(0001)

Iannuzzi

Kalichava

et al. 2013

Phys. Rev. B

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The moiré superstructure of a single layer of carbon on ruthenium, where 25×25 graphene honeycombs sit on 23×23 substrate unit cells, is determined from first principles. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict two kinds of structural units, Ω and Y, in the supercell, which are identified as moiré beatings or moirons. The related topographic bucklings, or "hills," have distinct carbon conformations and a height of 1.16 Å. The different moirons are observed with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and surface x-ray diffraction (SXRD) also discriminates the two. This connects ab initio DFT calculations with STM and SXRD experiments in unit cells containing more than 4000 atoms.

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“…values indicate a graphene corrugation which favors none of the reported values [20,23,29]. The result from the first SXRD model reported a corrugation of 0.82±0.15Å [20].…”

mentioning

confidence: 71%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moiré beatings in graphene on Ru(0001)

Iannuzzi

Kalichava

et al. 2013

Phys. Rev. B

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“…Core-level photoemission has also shown nearly unaltered C1s spectra [11], suggesting that the graphene is indeed nearly freestanding on the Pt(111) substrate. In contrast, gr/Ru(0001) has a huge corrugation on the surface (a moiré corrugation), reflecting a lateral mismatch in the interlayer interaction [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing interlayer interactions between graphene and metal substrates by supersonic rare-gas atom scattering

et al. 2015

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We demonstrate that highly surface-sensitive supersonic rare-gas (He, Ar, and Xe) atom scattering, in both the quantum and classical regimes, can probe and quantify the interlayer interactions between graphene monolayers and metal substrates in terms of the Debye temperature corresponding to the surface normal vibration, and the surface effective mass. As models of the strongly and weakly interacting graphene, we investigated two systems, graphene on Ru(0001) and Pt (111), respectively. The experimental data for Ar and Xe are compared with the results from theoretical simulations based on the classical smooth surface model. For gr/Pt(111) we find that the scattering pattern of the rare-gas beam, including the Debye-Waller attenuation of the He beam, are quite similar to that from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG); this suggests that the graphene-Pt (111) interaction is much like a van der Waals interaction. On the contrary, for the gr/Ru(0001) system, we find a smaller Debye-Waller attenuation and a larger surface effective mass, indicating that graphene on Ru(0001) is tightly bonded to the substrate. Furthermore, asymmetrical spectral shapes in the Ar and Xe scattering spectra from gr/Ru(0001) are interpreted as a result of the lateral distribution of the interlayer interaction corresponding to the moiré pattern. It is found that the "valley" region of the moiré pattern has high effective mass reflecting stronger bonding to the substrate, contributing to the high reflectivity of the He beam reported for this system. On the other hand, the effective mass of the "hill" region is found to be similar to that of HOPG, indicating that this region is well decoupled from the substrate. These results demonstrate a unique capability of atom scattering to probe and evaluate the molecule-substrate interaction and its spatial distributions.

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“…The interaction strength varies widely from the strong coupling with Rh [17,18] and Ru [19] to the weak limit (Ir [20], Pt [21]), where G retains its unique electronic properties [22]. The different lattice parameters of G and the metal underneath are accommodated through the formation of commensurate structures known as moiré patterns, where C atoms become inequivalent due to their different bonding configuration with the metal.…”

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confidence: 99%

Atomic-Scale Variations of the Mechanical Response of 2D Materials Detected by Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy

et al. 2016

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We show that noncontact atomic force microscopy (AFM) is sensitive to the local stiffness in the atomicscale limit on weakly coupled 2D materials, as graphene on metals. Our large amplitude AFM topography and dissipation images under ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature resolve the atomic and moiré patterns in graphene on Pt(111), despite its extremely low geometric corrugation. The imaging mechanisms are identified with a multiscale model based on density-functional theory calculations, where the energy cost of global and local deformations of graphene competes with short-range chemical and long-range van der Waals interactions. Atomic contrast is related with short-range tip-sample interactions, while the dissipation can be understood in terms of global deformations in the weakly coupled graphene layer. Remarkably, the observed moiré modulation is linked with the subtle variations of the local interplanar graphene-substrate interaction, opening a new route to explore the local mechanical properties of 2D materials at the atomic scale. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.245502 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are tools of choice for characterizing the unique mechanical and electronic properties of graphene (G) and other 2D materials. Dynamic AFM [1] in the frequency modulation (FM) mode [2] has resolved the true geometric structure of a broad range of materials [3][4][5]. FM AFM experiments on carbon-based materials [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] show atomic contrast in Δf images and, depending on the setup, in the dissipation channel. While the origin of the dissipation is not well understood, the Δf contrast has been linked with the nature of the tip-sample interaction [14].G properties can be efficiently tuned by the interaction with metals [15,16]. The interaction strength varies widely from the strong coupling with Rh [17,18] and Ru [19] to the weak limit (Ir [20], Pt [21]), where G retains its unique electronic properties [22]. The different lattice parameters of G and the metal underneath are accommodated through the formation of commensurate structures known as moiré patterns, where C atoms become inequivalent due to their different bonding configuration with the metal. The resulting "true" topographic corrugation of G-the difference in height among the topmost and the bottom C atom-varies widely, even in the weakly interacting cases, where it ranges from ≈50 pm on Ir [23,24] to practically flat (≤ 3 pm) on Pt [21].While STM can easily resolve these moiré patterns, even in the G=Pt case [21,25], AFM experiments have only been reported in highly corrugated cases as Ru [26], Rh [27], and Ir [12,28]. Focusing on the most challenging case, G=Ir, experiments with a Kolibri sensor using a W tip clearly resolved the moiré in constant height (CH) AFM images [28]. Measurements with a tuning fork using both inert (CO-terminated) and reactive (Ir-terminated) tips [12] were able to identify the atoms with both tips at any tip-sample distance. This atomic-scale resolution allowed the ...

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Electronic and geometric corrugation of periodically rippled, self-nanostructured graphene epitaxially grown on Ru(0001)

Cited by 142 publications

References 38 publications

Moiré beatings in graphene on Ru(0001)

Moiré beatings in graphene on Ru(0001)

Probing interlayer interactions between graphene and metal substrates by supersonic rare-gas atom scattering

Atomic-Scale Variations of the Mechanical Response of 2D Materials Detected by Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy

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