Electronic cigarette vaping with aged coils causes acute lung injury in mice

Goto, Shunsaku; Grange, Robert M. H.; Pinciroli, Riccardo; Rosales, Ivy A.; Li, Rebecca; Boerboom, Sophie; Ostrom, Katrina F.; Marutani, Eizo; Wanderley, Hatus V.; Bagchi, Aranya; Colvin, Robert B.; Minaeva, Olga; Goldstein, Lee E.; Malhotra, Rajeev; Zapol, Warren M.; Ichinose, Fumito; Yu, Binglan

doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03388-x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Thus, the e-cigarette user may be exposed to a highly dynamic aerosol carbonyl composition in the coil’s lifetime. The increase in ROS-initiated carbonyls over the coil’s lifetime is consistent with in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies with aged coils. , This study suggests that ROS formation and cytotoxicity endpoints (more toxic at ≥2000 puffs in our study) may be different from health endpoints related only to the exposure of toxic carbonyls (more toxic at ∼500 puffs in our study). Although this work focuses on carbonyls, the toxicity of e-cigarette aerosols is not solely driven by carbonyls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…A study on coil aging using a 3rd gen tank mod showed an increase in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations (not normalized by aerosol mass) up to 1800 puffs and correlated this carbonyl formation to acute lung injury in mice. 55 The maximal concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the 3rd gen device required a higher number of puffs than the 4th gen device we tested, which could be due to the different coil size and anatomy, bulk conductance of the 3rd gen apparatus, and variable application of power.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Carbonyls and Aerosol Mass Generation from Vaping Nicotine Salt Solutions Using Fourth- and Third-Generation E-Cigarette Devices: Effects of Coil Resistance, Coil Age, and Coil Metal Material

Tran,

Chiu,

Hunsaker

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Aerosol formation and production yields from 11 carbonyls (carbonyl concentration per aerosol mass unit) were investigated (1) from a fourth-generation (4th gen) e-cigarette device at different coil resistances and coil age (0–5000 puffs) using unflavored e-liquid with 2% benzoic acid nicotine salt, (2) between a sub-ohm third-generation (3rd gen) tank mod at 0.12 Ω and a 4th gen pod at 1.2 Ω using e-liquid with nicotine salt, together with nicotine yield, and (3) from 3rd gen coils of different metals (stainless steel, kanthal, nichrome) using e-liquid with freebase nicotine. Coil resistance had an inverse relationship with coil temperature, and coil temperature was directly proportional to aerosol mass formation. Trends in carbonyl yields depended on carbonyl formation mechanisms. Carbonyls produced primarily from thermal degradation chemistry (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde) increased per aerosol mass with higher coil resistances, despite lower coil temperature. Carbonyls produced primarily from chemistry initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., hydroxyacetone, dihydroxyacetone, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, lactaldehyde) showed the opposite trend. Coil age did not alter coil temperature nor aerosol mass formation but had a significant effect on carbonyl formation. Thermal carbonyls were formed optimally at 500 puffs in our study and then declined to a baseline, whereas ROS-derived carbonyls showed a slow rise to a maximum trend with coil aging. The 3rd gen versus 4th gen device comparison mirrored the trends in coil resistance. Nicotine yields per aerosol mass were consistent between 3rd and 4th gen devices. Coil material did not significantly alter aerosol formation nor carbonyl yield when adjusted for wattage. This work shows that sub-ohm coils may not necessarily produce higher carbonyl yields even when they produce more aerosol mass. Furthermore, carbonyl formation is dynamic and not generalizable during the coil’s lifetime. Finally, studies that compare data across different e-cigarette devices, coil age, and coil anatomy should account for the aerosol chemistry trends that depend on these parameters.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Carbonyls and Aerosol Mass Generation from Vaping Nicotine Salt Solutions Using Fourth- and Third-Generation E-Cigarette Devices: Effects of Coil Resistance, Coil Age, and Coil Metal Material

Tran,

Chiu,

Hunsaker

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…On the grounds of these observations, it is evident that this approach is based on the worst toxicological conditions, with the highest risks for users. A similar approach can be found in many articles using these worst risk exposure conditions in studying the effects of EC emissions on cell cultures 4 – 6 and on laboratory animals 7 – 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Physical and chemical characterizations of a reference e-cigarette used in animal testing

Soulet,

Constans,

Quinty

2023

Sci Rep

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A minimal necessary condition for preclinical studies to contribute to risk assessments of e-cigarettes (ECs) is the ability to expose laboratory animals to an appropriate dosage of aerosols. In this study, we examined the fulfilment of this essential consistency condition for the ECX-Joyetech E-Vic Mini (ECX), a piece of computerized exposure equipment manufactured by SCIREQ, which has been employed by numerous in vivo testing. We began by calibrating the customary Evic VTC mini device mod and the 4 coils available, reproducing in the laboratory the operation of the ECX in the power-control and temperature-control modes, using puffing parameters recommended by its documentation. We then conducted the following tests for each coil: (1) verifying whether the generated aerosols satisfy an optimal operational regime, free from overheating, as determined by a linear relation between the mass of vaporized e-liquid vs. supplied power and (2) obtaining the mean yields of aldehydes for each of the tested power settings and coils. The results of these tests show that, under the main conditions used in in vivo testing, the ECX equipment fails to comply with these consistency requirements, especially for coils with low subohm resistance, a shortcoming that can be corrected by applying much larger airflows for these coils. Therefore, the outcomes of preclinical studies using the ECX equipment should be examined with great scepticism and subjected to further testing.

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“…Vitamin E acetate may contribute to the pathogenesis of EVALI by converting to ketene gas [20]. A different study found an association with the age of the coil used for vaping with lung injury in a mouse model [21]. Nicotine intoxication causes cholinergic symptoms which may result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and respiratory difficulty [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaping-associated illness: a reassessment

Schiffman

2024

Preprint

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Background: Recently, there was widespread presentation of respiratory distress as well as other organ system involvement is patients with a history of vaping. There continue to be reports of vaping-associated illness. This has come to be known as e-cigarette and vaping product associated lung injury (EVALI). The mechanism of injury remains unclear. Objectives: This study reexamines the clinical characteristics of patients affected by vaping and suggests that lung injury may not be the primary organ dysfunction but be part of a larger systemic illness. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting to one hospital identified as having vaping-associated illness. Results: 14 patients were identified ranging in age from 15 to 33 years. Patients had a broad range of clinical severity. Respiratory symptoms occurred in 64%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 57%, fever in 78%, neurological symptoms in 15% and other constitutional symptoms in 50%. 35% presented with no respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: While the lungs are certainly involved in vaping-associated illness, recognizing the extent of involvement of other organ systems may provide insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. Providers should not focus on lung injury exclusively but be aware that vaping-associated illness may present with abdominal pain or headache or even fever without other complaints.

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Electronic cigarette vaping with aged coils causes acute lung injury in mice

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Carbonyls and Aerosol Mass Generation from Vaping Nicotine Salt Solutions Using Fourth- and Third-Generation E-Cigarette Devices: Effects of Coil Resistance, Coil Age, and Coil Metal Material

Carbonyls and Aerosol Mass Generation from Vaping Nicotine Salt Solutions Using Fourth- and Third-Generation E-Cigarette Devices: Effects of Coil Resistance, Coil Age, and Coil Metal Material

Physical and chemical characterizations of a reference e-cigarette used in animal testing

Vaping-associated illness: a reassessment

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