Thanks to the rapid development of information technology, it is now possible to mine out and fully utilize the valuable information from the big data on talent training quality (TTQ), using artificial intelligence and big data analysis. This paper develops a TTQ prediction model based on random forest (RF)-artificial neural network (ANN), aiming to improve and optimize the TTQ evaluation index system (EIS) in the big data environment, and realize efficient and accurate prediction of TTQ. Firstly, a scientific TTQ EIS was built up, including four primary indies (background evaluation, process evaluation, input evaluation, and result evaluation), and a number of secondary and tertiary indices. Through association matching, a data reconstruction model was constructed for the key evaluation indices of TTQ, the features of the data structure were analyzed, and the key features of each index were extracted and optimized intelligently. Finally, the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) was integrated with the RF algorithm into our prediction model. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed TTQ prediction model. The research findings provide a reference for applying the RF-ANN prediction model in other fields.