“…Similar to text, the use of graphic organizers is also an effective tool for better astronomy teaching, just like other physical and biological sciences (Sakiyo and Waziri, 2015;Kaur and Kamini, 2018;Chukwu and Dike, 2019;Tandog and Bucayong, 2019;Avila, 2020). The exact effectiveness of verbal and visual representations did not corroborate with most studies but with some, like the early findings of Simmons et al (1988) revealing comparable results between graphic organizers and text-oriented discussion as well as the recent results on online science discussions (Castelyn and Mottart, 2012;Reed et al, 2018). This result may be because these representations are perspectives of the same astronomy concepts, adhering to the concept of multiple and tiered representations in science (Chen et al, 2016;Kambouri et al, 2016;Galano et al, 2018;Hansen and Richland, 2020;Sanchez, 2021).…”