“…Since the resolution of our time resolved spectroscopic system was 5 ns, the lifetime of broad emission centered at 435 nm was assumed to be sub-nano second. It was reported that the broad band centered at 435 nm is due to the free excitons of the titania nanoparticles [13,14], and the broad emission bands at 535 and 650 nm are attributed to oxygen vacancy levels [12]. Since the emissions radiated by the recombination of free excitons disappear within several nanoseconds, these signals cannot be detected by photon-counting system (PC mode).…”