Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a new emerging
class of
two-dimensional functional materials, and their unique electronic
character plays a key role in practical applications. Here, to provide
a useful strategy to tune the electronic character of COFs, doping
effects with organic molecular acceptors, TCNQ, F4TCNQ,
and TCNE, on the frontier orbital energy levels of sp2c-COF
and COF366 mono- and bilayers are explored. Due to the charge transfer
from COFs to dopants, the Fermi level is shifted to a lower energy
and drops into the top valence band of sp2c-COF and COF366,
and the VBM/CBM energy level of COFs is also decreased. Moreover,
the increased electron density shifts the LUMO energy level of dopants
to a higher energy. Then, two electronic states, the top valence band
of COFs and the LUMO of the p-type dopants, are pinned around the
Fermi level. It means that the organic molecular acceptor serves as
an effective p-type dopant for COFs. In addition, it is confirmed
that the stronger the electron-accepting ability of p-type dopants
or the higher the surface density of the dopants, the larger the variation
of the frontier energy levels of COF monolayers will be. Thereby,
an overall linear correlation between the electronic property variations
of COFs and the charge transfer amount from COFs to p-type dopants
is observed. Our results proved that surface doping with organic molecular
acceptors is a reliable approach to modulate the frontier energy level
of COFs, which provides an effective strategy to optimize the performance
of COF-based devices.