Electronic textiles for electrocardiogram monitoring: A review on the structure–property and performance evaluation from fiber to fabric

Le, Katherine; Narayana, Harishkumar; Servati, Amir; Bahi, Addie; Soltanian, Saeid; Servati, Peyman; Ko, Frank

doi:10.1177/00405175221108208

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…For good ECG signal quality, we choose 1 < hSQI < 10. While multiple knitted ECG electrodes have been presented in literature [11,12,28], in our work we select the knit-in-garment concept and systematically optimise their performance. Ag-coated polyester yarn [21] was used in all implementations (ShY), except (3,5) uses stainless-steel yarn (SsY) [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Knitted ECG Electrodes in Relaxed Fitting Garments

2023

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A wide range of signal quality indices (SQIs) related to statistical methods, are used to guide the optimisation process of knitted textile electrodes for ECG recordings. The electrode structure and composition as well as their integration into a garment are evaluated in view of a fully knitted garment. The dry electrodes with the best SQIs are obtained by using conductive yarn only with a compact knit structure and a medium level of roughness. The best SQIs for the e-garment were obtained by sewing electrodes at their edges only, into the knitted garment.This implementation outperforms the intarsia and double-knit method as it allows the garment some independent movement from the electrodes, reducing motion artifacts. Tests done on a healthy volunteer demonstrate excellent system performance under gentle ambulation. The advantage of using SQIs in the optimisation process of dry textile ECG electrodes is that they offer a quantitative benchmark against which to compare other approaches. The fully knitted clothing allows for more relaxed e-garments when gentle ambulation is considered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we evaluate both knit and rib side. Similarly, a higher knit density reduces the electrode's resistance and leads to better skin contacts [28]. Thus, type 2 electrodes are knitted with three threads of ShY and in combination with either an elastic or non-elastic yarn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knitted ECG Electrodes in Relaxed Fitting Garments

2023

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“…One application of smart textiles is ECG monitoring using non-adhesive, flexible electrodes. Electrodes and traces for ECG monitoring are developed either by surface printing conductive materials on fabric or utilizing conductive yarns woven directly into the textile [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Textile Band Achieves High-Quality Electrocardiograms in Unrestrained Horses

McCrae

Spong

Rutherford

et al. 2022

Animals

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Electrocardiography (ECG) is an essential tool in assessing equine health and fitness. However, standard ECG devices are expensive and rely on the use of adhesive electrodes, which may become detached and are associated with reduced ECG quality over time. Smart textile electrodes composed of stainless-steel fibers have previously been shown to be a suitable alternative in horses at rest and during exercise. The objective of this study was to compare ECG quality using a smart textile girth band knit with silver and carbon yarns to standard adhesive silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes. Simultaneous three-lead ECGs were recorded using a smart textile band and Ag/AgCl electrodes in 22 healthy, mixed-breed horses that were unrestrained in stalls. ECGs were compared using the following quality metrics: Kurtosis (k) value, Kurtosis signal quality index (kSQI), percentage of motion artifacts (%MA), peak signal amplitude, and heart rate (HR). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests was conducted to compare each metric. No significant differences were found in any of the assessed metrics between the smart textile band and Ag/AgCl electrodes, with the exception of peak amplitude. Kurtosis and kSQI values were excellent for both methods (textile mean k = 21.8 ± 6.1, median kSQI = 0.98 [0.92–1.0]; Ag/AgCl k = 21.2 ± 7.6, kSQI = 0.99 [0.97–1.0]) with <0.5% (<1 min) of the recording being corrupted by MAs for both. This study demonstrates that smart textiles are a practical and reliable alternative to the standard electrodes typically used in ECG monitoring of horses.

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“…gives at hand that the topic is of high interest to the research community and that there is a need for a standardized way of evaluate them. 12…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent review of textile-based electrodes and how to evaluate them by Le et al gives at hand that the topic is of high interest to the research community and that there is a need for a standardized way of evaluate them. 12 The usability of the electrodes relies on their performance to let current pass across the interface with the human skin. To evaluate a candidate electrode, it needs to be characterized for this ability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three-lead in vivo measurement method for determining the skin-electrode impedance of textile electrodes

Gunnarsson

Seoane

2023

Textile Research Journal

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The rise of interest in wearable sensing of bioelectrical signals conducted via smart textile systems over the past decades has resulted in many investigations on how to develop and evaluate such systems. All measurements of bioelectrical signals are done by way of electrodes. The most critical parameter for an electrode is the skin-electrode impedance. A common method for measuring skin-electrode impedance is the two-lead method, but it has limitations because it relies on assumptions of symmetries of the body impedance in different parts of the body as well as of the skin-electrode impedances. To address this, in this paper we present an easy-to-use and reliable three-lead in vivo method as a more accurate alternative. We aim to show that the in vivo three-lead method overcomes all such limitations. We aim at raising the awareness regarding the possibility to characterize textile electrodes using a correct, accurate and robust method rather than limited and sometimes inadequate and uninformative methods. The three-lead in vivo method eliminates the effect of body impedance as well as all other contact impedances during measurements. The method is direct and measures only the skin-electrode impedance. This method is suitable for characterization of skin-electrode interface of textile electrodes intended for both bioelectrical signals as well as for electrostimulation of the human body. We foresee that the utilization of the three-lead in vivo method has the potential to impact the further development of wearable sensing by enabling more accurate and reliable measurement of bioelectrical signals.

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Electronic textiles for electrocardiogram monitoring: A review on the structure–property and performance evaluation from fiber to fabric

Cited by 16 publications

References 141 publications

Knitted ECG Electrodes in Relaxed Fitting Garments

Knitted ECG Electrodes in Relaxed Fitting Garments

A Smart Textile Band Achieves High-Quality Electrocardiograms in Unrestrained Horses

Three-lead in vivo measurement method for determining the skin-electrode impedance of textile electrodes

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