Electronically Conductive Vanadate Glasses for Resistive Plate Chamber Particle Detectors

Abstract

Particle detectors are constantly being built and refitted with new technology to improve the spatial resolution, radiation hardness, and speed at which the detector can capture particle events. One of the most crucial components of a modern collider experiment is the hadron calorimeter. One of the proposed improvements on future hadron calorimeters is to utilize resistive plate chambers (RPCs). They provide the spatial and energy resolution as well as could provide speed and radiation hardness. RPCs depend on manufacturing electrically conductive glasses that are mechanically strong, durable, radiation resistant, and not ionically conductive. To achieve such requirements, vanadate glasses were developed as alternatives to current prototypes which use soda lime silicate glasses. The conductivity, oxidation states of vanadium, radiation hardness, as well as the prototype performance, were tested on vanadate glasses. The prototype tests show that using 0.40ZnOÀ0.40TeO 2 À0.20V 2 O 5 can improve the RPC detector rate up to 100 times.

Effect of Variable Oxidation States of Vanadium on the Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Properties of B2O3–Li2O–ZnO–V2O5 Glasses

“…The type of conduction of these glasses was observed from the activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius plots, as shown in Figure . The activation energy of the present glasses is below 0.50 eV, which indicates that they are mixed conductors having both ionic and electronic contributions. , Vanadium-containing glasses have been reported to be electronic conductors earlier. , The conduction in such glasses arises via the polaron hopping mechanism between the vanadium ion pairs, such as V 4+ –O–V 5+ . The proposed mechanism is also supported by the EPR spectra of these glasses, in which the presence of vanadium in the V 4+ and V 5+ states is confirmed.…”

“…However, the residual compositions and structures of the glasses also affect their conductivities and cause a random trend with respect to the vanadium content. Also, as mentioned by Johnson et al, the modifier ions may form a network within glass, providing path for electronic conduction. The possible phase separation in glasses may also enhance such a conduction by agglomeration of one kind of ions in the subglass matrix within the glass matrix .…”

“…45,46 Vanadium-containing glasses have been reported to be electronic conductors earlier. 6,47 The conduction in such glasses arises via the polaron hopping mechanism between the vanadium ion pairs, such as V 4+ −O−V 5+ . 6 The proposed mechanism is also supported by the EPR spectra of these glasses, in which the presence of vanadium in the V 4+ and V 5+ states is confirmed.…”

An EPR investigation of defect structure and electron transfer mechanism in mixed-conductive LiBO2–V2O5glasses

“…A great deal of literature is available that focuses on the structural characterisation of V 2 O 5 -based glassy materials for a variety of applications. 14,[16][17][18][19] For example, when V 2 O 5 behaves as a network modier, i.e., at low contents, its incorporation into a borate network can be accompanied by a modication of the regular (trigonal) structure as diborate, chain-type metaborate and tetrahedral BO 4 units. 20 The presence of trigonal and tetrahedral borate sites was also conrmed in other studies of xV 2 O 5 ( 21 closely analogous to the glass samples to be reported in this study.…”

A carbon‐nanofiber glass composite with high electrical conductivity

“…Glasses offer a unique set of mechanical and optical properties that underlie their wide-spread utilization in everyday commodities. [1][2][3][4] The strength of glasses-in conjunction with thermoforming processing, low density, and low cost-facilitates their utilization in large-area windows, enables thermal drawing into extended fibers for optical telecommunications, and drives a plethora of applications from cooking utensils to screens for electronic devices and the encapsulation of solar panels. Glasses are typically electrical insulators.…”