Electrooxidation of Ethanol on Pt in the Absence of Water

Mukouyama, Yoshiharu; Iida, Keisuke; Kuge, Terumasa

doi:10.5796/electrochemistry.19-00056

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In our study, ethyl acetate was detected in 100 % ethanol electrolysis, wherein acetic acid could not be formed. Therefore, the following reaction might form ethyl acetate [16]

true 2 CH_{3} CH_{2} OH \to CH_{3} COOC_{2} normalH_{5} + 4 H^{+} + 4 e^{-}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading of Ethanol to 1,1‐Diethoxyethane by Proton‐Exchange Membrane Electrolysis

2021

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The direct acetalization of ethanol is a significant challenge for upgrading bioethanol to value‐added chemicals. In this study, 1,1‐diethoxyethane (DEE) is selectively synthesized by the electrolysis of ethanol using a proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) reactor. In the PEM reactor, a Pt/C catalyst promoted the electro‐oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. The Nafion membrane used as the PEM served as a solid acid catalyst for the acetalization of ethanol and electrochemically formed acetaldehyde. DEE was obtained at high faradaic efficiency (78 %) through sequential electrochemical and nonelectrochemical reactions. The DEE formation rate through PEM electrolysis was higher than that of reported systems. At the cathode, protons extracted from ethanol were reduced to H2. The electrochemical approach can be utilized as a sustainable process for upgrading bioethanol to chemicals because it can use renewable electricity and does not require chemical reagents (e. g., oxidants and electrolytes).

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“…In our study, ethyl acetate was detected in 100 % ethanol electrolysis, wherein acetic acid could not be formed. Therefore, the following reaction might form ethyl acetate [16]

true 2 CH_{3} CH_{2} OH \to CH_{3} COOC_{2} normalH_{5} + 4 H^{+} + 4 e^{-}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading of Ethanol to 1,1‐Diethoxyethane by Proton‐Exchange Membrane Electrolysis

2021

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“…If ENRR is run in anhydrous solvent free of water, ethanol oxidation is limited to the formation of ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde, and it can provide up to four protons and electrons per mol of ammonia produced in ENRR. [ 20 ] Considering the three proton/electrons used per 1 mol ammonia and up to four electron and protons obtained by ethanol oxidation to ethyl acetate, the energy input in ethanol‐based systems was estimated to 927.38 kJ mol −1 ammonia, or 3/4 of ethanol's LHV. This gives a rough estimate of how much energy contained in ethanol is used, yet it gives a good indication of energy consumption when using ethanol as proton and electron source.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[21] For systems using ethanol as sacrificial proton/electron donor, E anode in Equation (2) of 0.4 V versus RHE was used. [20] The real-cell potential would be to some extent larger in a fully assembled electrochemical cell. [4,18] More reliable estimates for the electrical energy losses in a working device need information from scaled-up electrochemical stacks, which are not available as of today due to the TRL of this novel technology.…”

Section: Reliability Indicatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Temperature Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: Measurement Reliability and Comparison to Haber–Bosch in Terms of Energy Efficiency

et al. 2023

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Recently, several studies have paved a way to nearly 100% selectivity of the electrochemical ammonia synthesis (EAS), which had been identified earlier as a main challenge. These results motivate us to benchmark the energy efficiency (EE) of EAS against the Haber–Bosch process for EAS works published in 2020, 2021, and 2022. A method is presented to estimate EE of EAS, which can be used by a broader audience. EAS studies historically suffered from reliability issues, and to avoid benchmarking of false‐positive results, a method is established to calculate a reliability indicator to assess the measurement reliability of a published work. The EE of EAS is calculated for works that are assessed as reliable with the indicator. Several promising systems and strategies enabling higher selectivity and EE are identified and discussed. The EE of some aqueous EAS reports is up to 55%, and nonaqueous is below 15%. However, while nonaqueous media reports suffer from low energy efficiency, they demonstrate much higher technology readiness levels (TRL) and total ammonium produced. Aqueous media reports have a great potential for higher energy efficiency, but they are at much lower TRL and total ammonia quantities produced are low.

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“…For ethanol-based systems 0.4 V vs. RHE is used. 18 EENRR is the potential at which N2 gets reduced to ammonia in a particular electrolyte, which is reported in ENRR works. Ecell calculated in Eq.…”

Section: Methods To Calculate the Energy Efficiency Of Enrr Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 For ethanol-based systems 0.4 V vs. RHE was used. 18 The real cell potential would be to some extent larger in a fully assembled electrochemical cell. 4 More reliable estimates for the electrical energy losses in a working device, need information from scaled up electrochemical stacks, which are not available as of today due to the TRL of this novel technology.…”

Section: 𝑊𝑊(H 2 ) =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-temperature electrochemical ammonia synthesis: recent progress and comparison to Haber-Bosch in terms of energy efficiency

Rezai

Şahin

Læsaa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia, in the literature often referred to as Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (ENRR), has gained attention as a milder alternative to the Haber-Bosch process, which requires high temperature and pressure. Recently, several breakthrough scientific papers were published showing a way to achieve nearly 100% selectivity of the ENRR over hydrogen reduction at very high production rates, which had been identified earlier as a main challenge. These results motivated the present study to benchmark the energy efficiencies of the most reliable ENRR studies against the Haber-Bosch process. ENRR studies historically suffered from reliability issues due to low ammonia production rates, which were often within the range of ambient ammonia contamination, potentially leading to false positive measurements. Consequently, rigorous experimental protocols have been published in the last four years. Here we first reviewed the protocols and established a methodology and a reliability indicator to assess the reliability of the results. Then we used the indicator to evaluate the studies reported in the literature from January 2019 to Aug 2022. Finally, we discussed and calculated the energy efficiency of ENRR for works that were assessed as reliable and probably reliable with the indicator. We identified and discussed several promising systems and strategies enabling higher energy efficiency. The energy efficiency had a maximum of 41%, which is within the efficiency range of current Haber-Bosch plants. However, ENRR energy efficiencies must improve to get closer to the 56% some of the state-of-the art Haber-Bosch plants achieve.

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Electrooxidation of Ethanol on Pt in the Absence of Water

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Upgrading of Ethanol to 1,1‐Diethoxyethane by Proton‐Exchange Membrane Electrolysis

Upgrading of Ethanol to 1,1‐Diethoxyethane by Proton‐Exchange Membrane Electrolysis

Low‐Temperature Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: Measurement Reliability and Comparison to Haber–Bosch in Terms of Energy Efficiency

Low-temperature electrochemical ammonia synthesis: recent progress and comparison to Haber-Bosch in terms of energy efficiency

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