“…These indicators of atrial vulnerability and their corresponding zones of induction are useful parameters indicative of predisposition to AF. Electrophysiological studies in patients with paroxysmal AF have led to essential understanding of the underlying clinical physio-pathologic process of AF [33][34][35][36][37]. The abnormal responses elicited by a single APC have been observed more frequently in patients prone to develop paroxysmal AF.…”