Electrophysiological correlates of response time outliers: Outlier related potentials

Berger, Alexander; Kiefer, Markus

doi:10.1111/psyp.14305

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The relevance of data pre-processing for the inspection of effect courses was further highlighted by a total lack of the response repetition effect, if incorrect trials were not excluded from analysis (see Supplementary Material D ). Accordingly, following a similar logic as it is usual assumed in traditional analysis strategies of RTs/ERs 48 – 50 , the exclusion of trials which likely do not represent the cognitive phenomena of interest seems to be crucial before conducting an effect course analysis. Following this line of reasoning, the interpretation of the temporal position of the obtained clusters within the experimental session should not be considered in terms of the presented trial in the experiment itself, but in terms of a relative position within the trials of the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates

Berger,

Kunde,

Kiefer

2024

Sci Rep

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Cuing or executing a task impacts processing pathways for task-relevant information. While there is ample evidence that processing associated with task execution changes with practice, such evidence regarding cue-induced task preparation is scarce. Here we explored practice-related changes of processing pathways by task cuing in order to assess the plasticity of task preparation. We first developed and validated a new method for the study of practice-related changes, the effect course analysis. The effect course analysis is a model-free, non-parametric method designed to reveal effect changes within an experimental session on a continuous time scale. Then we applied this method to a new study in which cued task sets were supposed to remain activated during assessment of task-relevant pathways, as potential task execution was postponed at the end of the trial. The results showed that, with little practice, task cuing amplified task-relevant pathways, whereas this effect vanished with practice, suggesting that practice prompts fundamental changes of how task cues are used for task preparation. Hence, if one cannot be certain that cognitive processing is stationary, investigating the time course of experimental effects appears to be crucial to determine how cognitive processing is influenced by practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We included the data of all 1015 available participants in the dataset. For the analysis of RT data, we excluded trials with an incorrect response as well as trials with a RT exceeding +− 2 SD of the individuals mean RT 48 , 59 . For the analysis of ERs, only trials with an RT outlier were excluded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates

Berger,

Kunde,

Kiefer

2024

Sci Rep

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“…relative to cue onset. Trials with an RT outlier were identified as trials with an RT exceeding +-2SD of the respective individuals mean RT and excluded from all subsequent analyses (Berger & Kiefer, 2021, 2023. Segments overlapping with a previous segment were excluded as well.…”

Section: Eeg Recording and Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive demands for task preparation depend on task cue transparency

Berger,

Kiefer

2024

Preprint

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Task cues are often used to study task preparation. Participants are thought to activate cued task sets in advance to facilitate later task performance. Earlier studies showed that task performance was improved, if the relation of cue and decision categories of the task was more transparent, suggesting a facilitated task preparation process with more transparent cues. In contrast, we previously observed that the level of preparatory task set activation was comparable between four different cue types varying in task cue transparency (Berger et al., 2022). We hypothesized that participants could compensate for non-transparent cues by showing greater engagement in task preparation, thus achieving a similar level of task set activation compared to more transparent cues. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed cue-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) and oscillatory activity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) for four different cue types with varying cue transparency. Increased cue-locked positivity and decreased beta power indicated that task preparation demands were greater for non-transparent cues. However, these differences were mainly driven by arbitrary task cues for which there was no association between cue and decision category. For cues for which cues and decision categories could be linked at least via a mediator, the cue locked positivity and beta power were comparable. In conclusion, task cue transparency influenced electrophysiological correlates related to the preparatory demands required for task set retrieval and should therefore be taken into account when studying task preparation.

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Inhibition of cued but not executed task sets depends on cue-task compatibility and practice

Berger,

Koch,

Kiefer

2024

Psychological Research

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In task switching, processing a task cue is thought to activate the corresponding task representation (“task set”), thereby allowing for advance task preparation. However, the contribution of preparatory processes to the emergence of n−2 repetition costs as index of task set inhibition processes is debated. The present study investigated whether merely preparing for a task activates a corresponding task set, which needs to be inhibited in order to switch to a different task. To this end, we presented so-called task cue-only trials in trial n−2 and assessed subsequent n−2 repetition costs. The results revealed n−2 repetition costs following a task cue-only, but only for compatible cues with a transparent cue-task relation and only at the beginning of the experiment. In contrast, n−2 repetition costs following task execution in trial n−2 were absent. In a second experiment, we sought to rule out that the presence of n−2 repetition costs following a task cue-only and the corresponding absence following task execution were the consequence of a decay of task sets. This second experiment replicated the result pattern of the first experiment, with n−2 repetition costs following a task cue-only being present only at the beginning of the experiment and only for compatible cues. Hence, cue-induced task set inhibition effects depended on cue-task compatibility and practice. Furthermore, merely prepared task sets were more likely inhibited than executed task sets.

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Electrophysiological correlates of response time outliers: Outlier related potentials

Abstract: In response time (RT) research, RTs which largely deviate from the RT distribution are considered "outliers". Outliers are typically excluded from RT analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 70 publications

Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates

Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates

Cognitive demands for task preparation depend on task cue transparency

Inhibition of cued but not executed task sets depends on cue-task compatibility and practice

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