Electrophysiological evidence for executive control and efficient categorization involved in implicit self-evaluation

Wu, Li; Gu, Ruolei; Cai, Huajian; Zhang, Jianxin

doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1044673

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In addition to enhancing our understanding of eye movement control during reading, our findings also suggest that eye movement methodology can be used to study the on-line effects of self-positivity during comprehension. Previous studies have used self-report scales (Rosenberg, 1965), reaction time task (e.g., Implicit Association Test or IAT, Greenwald et al, 1998), and electroencephalograph EEG signal (Luck, 2005; Wu et al, 2016) to measure self-positivity. Compared with other methodologies, eye tracking technique has a few advantages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Self-Enhancement on Eye Movements During Reading

et al. 2019

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Previous studies show that readers’ eye movements are influenced by text properties and readers’ personal cognitive characteristics. In the current study, we further show that readers’ eye movements are influenced by a social motivation of self-enhancement. We asked participants to silently read sentences that describe self or others with positive or negative traits while their eyes were monitored. First-fixation duration and gaze duration were longer when positive words were used to describe self than to describe others, but there was no such effect for negative words. These results suggest that eye movements can be influenced by the motivation of self-enhancement in addition to various stimuli features and cognitive factors. This finding indicates that the eye movement methodology can potentially be used to study implicit social cognition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Self-Enhancement on Eye Movements During Reading

et al. 2019

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“…Similar to the design of Wu et al. (2016), each stimulus trial began with a fixation cross with a random duration between 1,000 and 2,000 ms. A stimulus word was then presented for 1,000 ms, during which time the participants were asked to respond to the word by pressing the F or J keys as quickly as possible. Next, a new fixation cross appeared to indicate the beginning of the next trial (see Figure 1b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LPC responses are also considered an important marker of implicit self‐bias during administration of the IAT (Egenolf et al., 2013; Yang & Zhang, 2009). For instance, larger LPC amplitudes were observed in the congruent condition (e.g., self + positive and other + negative) than those in the incongruent condition (e.g., self + negative and other + positive) among nondepressed healthy participants (Wu et al., 2016; Yang & Zhang, 2009). The enhanced LPC amplitudes here suggest that, for the healthy individuals, the “self with positive” association might be more congruent with their implicit self‐attitude than the “self with negative” association (Fleischhauer et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016; Xiao et al., 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, larger LPC amplitudes were observed in the congruent condition (e.g., self + positive and other + negative) than those in the incongruent condition (e.g., self + negative and other + positive) among nondepressed healthy participants (Wu et al., 2016; Yang & Zhang, 2009). The enhanced LPC amplitudes here suggest that, for the healthy individuals, the “self with positive” association might be more congruent with their implicit self‐attitude than the “self with negative” association (Fleischhauer et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016; Xiao et al., 2015). These results have thus been taken to indicate that healthy participants usually have implicit self‐positivity bias (Yang & Zhang, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain responses of dysphoric and control participants during a self‐esteem implicit association test

et al. 2021

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Previous studies have reported lowered implicit self‐esteem at the behavioral level among depressed individuals. However, brain responses related to the lowered implicit self‐esteem have not been investigated in people with depression. Here, event‐related potentials were measured in 28 dysphoric participants (individuals with elevated amounts of depressive symptoms) and 30 control participants during performance of an implicit association task (IAT) suggested to reflect implicit self‐esteem. Despite equivalent behavioral performance, differences in brain responses were observed between the dysphoric and the control groups in late positive component (LPC) within 400–1,000 ms poststimulus latency. For the dysphoric group, self‐negativity mapping stimuli (me with negative word pairing and not‐me with positive word pairing) induced significantly larger LPC amplitude as compared to self‐positivity mapping stimuli (me with positive pairing and not‐me with negative pairing), whereas the control group showed the opposite pattern. These results suggest a more efficient categorization toward implicit self‐is‐negative association, possibly reflecting lower implicit self‐esteem among the dysphoric participants, in comparison to the controls. These results demonstrate the need for further investigation into the functional significance of LPC modulation during IAT and determination of whether LPC can be used as a neural marker of depressive‐related implicit self‐esteem.

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“…Typically, the condition that is congruent with one's implicit self-attitude should show better performance when compared to the incongruent one. For instance, individuals with positive self-bias should demonstrate a faster and more accurate response in the compatible condition, relative to the incompatible condition (43, 44), while the negative self-attitude found in depression should lead to an opposite pattern.…”

Section: Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder

et al. 2019

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Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an affective disorder that is harmful to both physical and mental health. Abnormal self-knowledge, which refers to abnormal judgments about oneself, is a core symptom of depression. However, little research has summarized how and why patients with MDD differ from healthy individuals in terms of self-knowledge. Objective: To gain a better understanding of MDD, we reviewed previous studies that focused on the behavioral and neurological changes of self-knowledge in this illness. Main Findings: On the behavioral level, depressed individuals exhibited negative self-knowledge in an explicit way, while more heterogeneous patterns were reported in implicit results. On the neurological level, depressed individuals, as compared with non-depressed controls, showed abnormal self-referential processing in both early perception and higher cognitive processing phases during the Self-Referential Encoding Task. Furthermore, fMRI studies have reported aberrant activity in the medial prefrontal cortex area for negative self-related items in depression. These results revealed several behavioral features and brain mechanisms underlying abnormal self-knowledge in depression. Future Studies: The neural mechanism of implicit self-knowledge in MDD remains unclear. Future research should examine the importance of others' attitudes on the self-concept of individuals with MDD, and whether abnormal self-views may be modified through cognitive or pharmacological approaches. In addition, differences in abnormal self-knowledge due to genetic variation between depressed and non-depressed populations remain unconfirmed. Importantly, it remains unknown whether abnormal self-knowledge could be used as a specific marker to distinguish healthy individuals from those with MDD. Conclusion: This review extends our understanding of the relationship between self-knowledge and depression by indicating several abnormalities among individuals with MDD and those who are at risk for this illness.

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Electrophysiological evidence for executive control and efficient categorization involved in implicit self-evaluation

Cited by 18 publications

References 78 publications

Effects of Self-Enhancement on Eye Movements During Reading

Effects of Self-Enhancement on Eye Movements During Reading

Brain responses of dysphoric and control participants during a self‐esteem implicit association test

Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder

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