Electrophysiology and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring

Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring

“…• Correction of scoliosis with instrumentation [12] • Spinal cord decompression and stabilisation after acute spinal cord injury [13] • Spinal fusion [14] • Release of tethered cord [15] • Resection of spinal cord tumour/cyst/vascular lesion [15] • Correction of cervical spondylosis. [15]…”

“…• Localisation of the sensorimotor cortex [15] • Clipping of intracranial aneurysms [16] • Resection of intracranial vascular lesions involving the sensory cortex and arteriovenous malformation [17] • Resection of thalamic tumour • Brainstem surgeries.…”

“…A phase reversal across central sulcus is a highly reproducible characteristic that helps in the localisation of the primary motor cortex. [15]…”

Fast or Slow? A Comparison Between Two Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Techniques for Eliciting Motor-Evoked Potentials During Supratentorial Surgery

“…DCS is the gold standard technique for MEP monitoring and mapping during supratentorial surgery, especially in awake patients in whom TES is not feasible due to painful electrical stimulation through the scalp. 3,4…”

“…1,2 DCS is the gold standard technique for MEP monitoring and mapping during supratentorial surgery, especially in awake patients in whom TES is not feasible due to painful electrical stimulation through the scalp. 3,4 Two different stimulation paradigms are available for TES/DCS, i.e., constant-voltage stimulation and constantcurrent stimulation. During voltage-controlled stimulation, the amount of current delivered to the tissue depends on tissue impedance according to Ohm equation (I ¼ DV/Z), where I stand for intensity (measured in mA), DV stands for voltage difference (measured in Volts), and Z stands for impedance (measured in kU).…”