Electropolymerization of phenothiazine, phenoxazine and phenazine derivatives: Characterization of the polymers by UV-visible difference spectroelectrochemistry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy

Schlereth, Daniela D.; Karyakin, Arkady A.

doi:10.1016/0022-0728(95)04127-a

Cited by 148 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These reactive anions may afterwards attack one of the methyl groups of the tertiary amino group bound to the aromatic ring, with release of formaldehyde. It has been reported that FTIR spectra of PMB present carbonyl signals [27], which indicates that the phenothiazine monomer units are probably linked through a nitrogen atom, see Fig. 5b.…”

Section: Electropolymerisation Of the Monomer Dyesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

Bârsan

Pinto

Brett

2008

Electrochimica Acta

109

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A comparative investigation has been undertaken of the electrosynthesis and electrochemical properties of three different electroactive polymers on carbon film electrode substrates: poly(neutral red) from the phenazine dye neutral red, and poly(methylene green) and poly(methylene blue), from the corresponding phenothiazine dyes. The formation of the radical cation at different potentials and the chemical structures of the monomers both influence the electropolymerisation process of the three polyaromatic dyes. Of the three, poly(neutral red) is shown to have the best adhesion at carbon film electrodes. The influence of the electrolyte and pH on film growth and on electrochemical properties was investigated. The formal potential decreased linearly with increase in pH, in the pH range from 1 to 7 for all three polymers. The modified electrodes were also characterised by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The bulk and interfacial characteristics of the two phenothiazine polymers were similar and oxygendependent, but different to those of the phenazine polymer, poly(neutral red), which were not significantly influenced by the presence of oxygen in solution. Perspectives for use in electrochemical biosensors are indicated.

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Section: Electropolymerisation Of the Monomer Dyesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

Bârsan

Pinto

Brett

2008

Electrochimica Acta

109

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“…In fact, Schlereth and Karyakin 20 have reported that azure A can be polymerized electrochemically in the solution consisting of azure A, borax, and NaNO 3 , since its structure is analogous to those of methylene blue and azure B (Scheme 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Electrochemical polymerization of azure A and properties of poly(azure A)

Chen¹,

Mu²

2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The electrochemical polymerization of azure A has been carried out using repeated potential cycling. The scan potential is set between Ϫ0.2 and 1.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The electrolytic solution consisted of 5 mmol dm Ϫ3 azure A and 0.5 mol dm Ϫ3 Na 2 SO 4 with pH 6.0. The temperature for polymerization was controlled at 50°C. An anodic peak and a cathodic peak appear at 0.38 and 0.23 V, respectively, on the cyclic voltammogram of poly(azure A) in 0.5 mol dm Ϫ3Na 2 SO 4 solution of pH 1.0. Their peak potentials shift toward the negative direction as pH value increases from 1.0 to 4.0. Poly(azure A) has good electrochemical activity and stability in the aqueous solution at the above pH range. The UV-visible spectrum and FTIR spectrum of poly(azure A) are different from those of azure A. The FTIR spectrum of poly(azure A) indicates that no anions were doped into the oxidation form of poly(azure A).

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“…1B). For example, the band at 1710 cm -1 for the ring stretch of the adsorbed MB molecules disappeared, while a new band appeared at 1017 cm -1 , which could be assigned to the bending vibration of N-CH 3 [33][34][35] after the MB-SWNT adduct was polymerized electrochemically. We next studied the oxidation of NADH at the formed polyMB-SWNT nanocomposite (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Glucose/O₂ Biofuel Cells

et al. 2006

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Biofuel cells (BFCs) utilize biocatalysts such as enzymes and microorganisms for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. [1][2][3][4] These BFCs represent a new kind of energy-conversion technology that is distinct from conventional fuel cells, such as H 2 /O 2 and methanol/O 2 fuel cells, mainly in that they can operate under moderate conditions, such as in mild media and at ambient temperatures. Moreover, compared with the noble-metal catalysts used in conventional fuel cells, the biocatalysts used in the BFCs are more efficient and selective toward the biomass. More remarkably, the biomass consumed by the BFCs, such as glucose and oxygen, is generally endogenous to biological systems. As such, BFCs are envisaged to be able to power the bioelectronics in vivo, finding uses in systems such as implantable biosensors or pacemakers in the human body. [5][6][7][8] These striking properties and the potential applications of BFCs have evoked intensive interest in the basic study and development of BFCs in recent years. [9][10][11][12][13][14] It is known that carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a new kind of carbon-based nanomaterial, possess unique structural and electronic properties, and are finding striking applications in various research and industrial fields, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] including electrochemistry. [22][23][24] In addition to their excellent electrochemical properties, CNTs have several characteristics that make them very suitable for the development of enzymatic BFCs. For example, CNTs bear graphene sidewalls that are chemically inert and highly hydrophobic, with a dense p-p stacking. Such a property essentially makes CNTs well suited as a support for the redox mediators [25][26][27] generally employed for shuttling the electron transfer of biocatalysts, for example enzymes and proteins, or for the conversion and oxidation of the NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with hydrogen) cofactor when dehydrogenases are used as the anode biocatalysts. Moreover, as demonstrated recently, [28][29][30] the use of CNTs could largely facilitate the direct electron transfer of the enzymes and proteins. On the other hand, CNTs have a good conductivity (depending on the sort of CNTs used) and a high surface area to weight ratio (ca. 300 m 2 g -1 ) [31] as well as the ability to form a 3D matrix that can be used for both enzyme immobilization and electrode reactions.In this Communication we demonstrate the first singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based glucose/O 2 biofuel cell with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) as the anode biocatalyst for the oxidation of glucose, with NAD + as the cofactor and laccase (from Trametes versicolor) as the cathode biocatalyst for O 2 reduction (Scheme 1). On the SWNT anode, methylene blue (MB) was adsorbed through the interactions between MB and SWNTs, as described in our earlier work.[25]Although the formed MB-SWNT adsorptive adduct exhibits excellent electrochemical properties and a good stability, its activity for redox-mediating the oxidation of NADH was found to be...

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Electropolymerization of phenothiazine, phenoxazine and phenazine derivatives: Characterization of the polymers by UV-visible difference spectroelectrochemistry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy

Cited by 148 publications

References 25 publications

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

Electrochemical polymerization of azure A and properties of poly(azure A)

Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Glucose/O₂ Biofuel Cells

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Electropolymerization of phenothiazine, phenoxazine and phenazine derivatives: Characterization of the polymers by UV-visible difference spectroelectrochemistry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy

Cited by 148 publications

References 25 publications

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

Electrochemical polymerization of azure A and properties of poly(azure A)

Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Glucose/O2 Biofuel Cells

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Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Glucose/O₂ Biofuel Cells