Metal oxide libraries
for photoanodes for the oxygen evolution
reaction (OER) were generated by printing a metal salt solution in
an array layout, followed by calcination to yield 22 ternary metal
oxide systems. The libraries included a ternary metal cation system
based on CuWO4 with one out of eight transition or posttransition
metal ions Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Bi, and Ga in different overall
atomic ratios. The photocatalyst libraries were screened by scanning
photoelectrochemical microscopy for the highest anodic photocurrents.
Array elements that showed promising performance were printed in another
set of eight libraries with smaller increments of overall composition.
Improved performance with respect to CuWO4 was found for
Ga, Co, and Ni as the third element. A comparison of the most active
composition of those arrays within one library showed the highest
activity for Cu48Ga3W49O
x
. Printing spots of identical composition (Cu48Ga3W49O
x
, Cu44Ni9W47O
x
, and Cu44Co9W47O
x
) over a larger area facilitated further characterization
by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
(UPS), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, chopped light
voltammetry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy for the OER.
High and stable steady-state photocurrents were generated in a photoelectrochemical
cell for all three electrodes even at a low constant bias voltage.
The best overall photoanode composition Cu48Ga3W49O
x
showed currents that
were 36 times higher than the currents of the binary Cu50W50O
x
system. Significant
n-doping was found by UPS valence band spectra for Ga-containing materials.