Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs: Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Shoji, Yoshimi; Yotsu‐Yamashita, Mari; Miyazawa, Teruo; Yasumoto, Takeshi

doi:10.1006/abio.2000.4953

Cited by 119 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Each dry residue was dissolved in 0.05 M acetic acid (1.0 ml/g mantis specimen), centrifuged and a part of the supernatant was filtered through a Cosmospin filter H (0.45 lm, Nakalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). An aliquot (2 ll) of the filtrate was applied to post-column LCfluorescent detection (LC-FLD) for the analysis of TTX (Yasumoto and Michishita 1985;Shoji et al 2001). For complete identification of TTX and of its analogues, a part (1/40) of the extract from Sphodromantis viridis-no.1 was neutralized with 1 N NaOH and applied to charcoal (0.2 ml) equilibrated with water.…”

Section: Tetrodotoxin Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The praying mantis (Mantodea) as predator of the poisonous red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

2016

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A Chinese praying mantis, Tenodera sinensis, was observed feeding on a living red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Specimens of that newt's population are known to contain high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a specific blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels. After experimental oral administration of a TTX-solution (1 mg/ ml) to adult specimens of four mantis species, all survived high TTX concentrations (up to 30.8 lg/g body mass) as revealed by analysis of their body extracts, but they are rapidly killed by intra-abdominal injection of 1 lg TTX. The toxin was found to be gradually excreted with faeces. As demonstrated by monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical technique, TTX does not penetrate the mid-gut membrane, since it was localized only in the gut lumen, but not in the epithelial cells. This prevents the toxin to reach its target, the sodium channels of the insect's nervous system, and enables the mantids to feed on toxic prey without risking poisoning.

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Section: Tetrodotoxin Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The praying mantis (Mantodea) as predator of the poisonous red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

2016

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“…The major disadvantage of LC-FLD is the large difference in the structure-dependent fluorescence intensities of the analogs. In particular, the fluorescence intensities of 5-deoxyTTX and 11-deoxyTTX are approximately 1/20 and less than 1/100 of that of TTX, respectively, while those of 6-epiTTX and 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol are approximately 20-fold and 10-fold greater than that of TTX, respectively [46]. LC-MS could solve this problem, if sufficient separation and high ionization intensities could be achieved.…”

Section: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumental Analysis of Tetrodotoxin

Asakawa¹,

Shida²,

Miyazawa³

et al. 2012

Chromatography - The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

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“…Using HPLC and MS chemical analysis (20) we found that planocerid sp. 1 contains TTX and some of its analogs (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological functions of tetrodotoxin in a deadly polyclad flatworm

Ritson‐Williams

Yotsu‐Yamashita

Paul

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The deadly neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is found in a variety of animal phyla and, because of its toxicity, is most often assumed to deter predation. On the tropical Pacific island of Guam, we found an undescribed flatworm (planocerid sp. 1) that contains high levels of TTX and its analogs. Through ecological experiments, we show that TTXs do not protect these flatworms from some predators but instead are used to capture mobile prey. TTX is known to have multiple ecological functions, which has probably led to its widespread presence among prokaryotes and at least 10 metazoan phyla.prey-capture ͉ chemical ecology T he ecological functions of tetrodotoxin (TTX, Fig. 1a) and its analogs have rarely been tested even though it has been isolated and characterized since 1965 (1; reviewed in ref.2). The cellular mechanism of TTX paralysis is well understood (blocking sodium ion channels that control nerve impulses; ref.3) but its functions for organisms are just beginning to be understood. Because of the potent toxicity of TTX, it is often assumed to protect marine and terrestrial organisms from predators (4-6). In terrestrial amphibians [Taricha granulosa (7) and Atelopus spp. (8)], and marine pufferfish (Takifugu spp.; ref. 9) TTX is found in the skin, where it could be tasted by potential predators. The ecological significance of TTX as a defensive compound was recently shown in the evolutionary ecology of newts (Taricha granulosa) and their snake predators (Thamnophis sirtalis) (10, 11). Alternative ecological functions of TTX are known from pufferfish, which use TTX as a pheromone to attract males to gravid females (12), and in the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa and six species of arrowworms, all of which contain TTX in their venom glands (13-16).On the tropical Pacific island of Guam, we found a flatworm (undescribed, but vouchered as planocerid sp. 1; ref. 17 and Fig. 1b) that eats gastropods. Flatworms in Planoceridae are poorly studied, and fundamental questions such as what and how they eat remain unknown for most species. The flatworm Planocera multitentaculata contains TTX (18), but its ecological role in this flatworm was never tested. In this study, we describe the feeding ecology of planocerid sp. 1, and through ecological experiments, test whether TTX is used for defense or prey capture.

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Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs: Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 119 publications

References 23 publications

The praying mantis (Mantodea) as predator of the poisonous red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

The praying mantis (Mantodea) as predator of the poisonous red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

Instrumental Analysis of Tetrodotoxin

Ecological functions of tetrodotoxin in a deadly polyclad flatworm

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