Zinc
oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal
method and incorporated with diverse amounts of the nonmetal element
sulfur (0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.5, 3.2, 6.8, 7.8, 11.9, 12.3, and
17.4 wt %). The physicochemical properties of all nanoparticles were
investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, as well as Fourier transform infrared,
diffuse reflectance, ultraviolet–visible absorption, and photoluminescence
(PL) emission spectra. Pure ZnO and 12 S-containing ZnO nanoparticles
were examined as photocatalysts for the degradation of the rhodamine
B (RhB) contaminant. Among the S-containing samples, 0.10 g of the
sample doped with 0.5 wt % S could degrade 100% of RhB (5 ppm) at
pH = 5 in 90 min. It was also found that the 0.8 and 1.1 wt % S-doped
ZnO samples could degrade 99 and 97% of RhB in 150 min, respectively.
The photocatalytic property of the 0.5 wt % S-doped ZnO was improved
by adding a small quantity of ammonium persulfate (0.005 g), so that
it could degrade 100% of RhB in 60 min but 10 ppm RhB in 210 min.
Moreover, the pure ZnO and the optimal 0.5 wt % S-doped ZnO photocatalysts
displayed 2 and 53% degradation of the phenol pollutant in 180 min
at pH = 5, respectively. The reusability of the 0.5 wt % S-doped ZnO
optimal photocatalyst was tested under optimized conditions (catalyst
dosage = 0.10 g, pH = 5, and RhB concentration = 5 ppm) for the RhB
degradation exhibiting the degradation efficiency was slightly decreased
from 100 to 92% after five successive reactions. Thus, such a photocatalyst
could be used as a promising material for application in industrial
wastewater treatment processes.