Electrostatic Spraying of Liquids

Bailey, A.G.

doi:10.1088/0031-9112/35/4/018

Cited by 129 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…It has been observed many times that the shape and size of the electrospray capillary orifice influences the production of electrosprayed ions [1]. Tapered capillaries have been used, as have capillaries with special coatings [100].…”

Section: Skin Current and Es Capillary Front Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrospray phenomenon and, in general, electrified liquid jets, are topics of interest not only to mass spectrometrists who use them as a means to transfer ions from a liquid into the gas phase, but also to users of a large variety of other applications starting from jet printing through metal plating, polymer fiber production, to aerial spraying of fertilizers [1]. Flow phenomena in electrified liquids are studied in a discipline called electrohydrodynamics.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perspective on Electrospray Ionization and Its Relation to Electrochemistry

Pozniak

Cole

2015

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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A VAbstract. The phenomenon of electrospraying of liquids is presented from the perspective of the electrochemistry involved. Basics of current and liquid flow in the capillary and spray tip are discussed, followed by specifics of charging and discharging of the sprayed liquid surface. Fundamental theories and numerical modeling relating electrospray current to solution and spray parameters are described and then compared with our own experimentally obtained data. The method of mapping potentials and currents inside the electrospray capillary by using an inserted electrically-isolated small wire probe electrode is discussed in detail with illustrations from new and published data. Based on these experimentally obtained results, a new mathematical model is derived. The introduced "nonlinear resistor electrospray capillary model" divides the electrospray capillary into small sections, adds their contributions, and then, by transition to infinitely small section thickness, produces analytical formulas that relate current and potential maps to other properties of the electrospraying liquid: primarily conductivity and current density. The presentation of the model is undertaken from an elementary standpoint, and it offers the possibility to obtain quantitative information regarding operating parameters from typical analytical systems subjected to electrospray. The model stresses simplicity and ease of use; examples applying experimental data are shown and some predictions of the model are also presented. The developed nonlinear resistor electrospray capillary model is intended to provide a new quantitative basis for improving the understanding of electrochemical transformations occurring in the electrospray emitter. A supplemental material section gives full derivation of the model and discusses other consequences.

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Section: Skin Current and Es Capillary Front Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective on Electrospray Ionization and Its Relation to Electrochemistry

Pozniak

Cole

2015

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Potentials measured along the central ES axis reflect those at the ES capillary surface, although equipotential lines can be considered to be more compressed at the latter surface. he phenomenon of electrospray (ES), since its early invention, has found many applications in an astonishing variety of scientific and technical disciplines [1]. In chemical analyses, it greatly increased the ability of researchers to obtain gas-phase ions directly from solutions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that electrochemical processes must participate in the sustained electrospraying of liquids was recognized many years ago [1]. Later it was established that the electrospray apparatus is not far different from a regular electrochemical cell, and the vocabulary of electrochemistry was used to describe its operation [2][3][4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Negative ion mode evolution of potential buildup and mapping of potential gradients within the electrospray emitter

Pozniak

Cole

2004

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Differential electrospray emitter potential (DEEP) maps, displaying variations in potential in the electrospray (ES) capillary and in the Taylor cone, have been generated in the negative ion mode of ES operation. In all examples, measured potential was found to be the highest at the points furthest into the Taylor cone, and values descended to zero at distances beyond approximately 15 mm within the ES capillary. In agreement with results obtained previously in the positive ion mode, negative mode data show a strong influence of electrolyte concentration on measured potentials. Weakly conductive solutions exhibited the highest values, and the steepest gradients, at points furthest into the Taylor cone. However, these same low conductivity solutions did not yield nonzero measured potentials to as deep a distance into the ES capillary as was possible from their higher conductivity counterparts. Addition of a readily reducible compound lowered measured potentials at all points near the ES capillary exit, in accordance with the description of the ES device as a controlled-current electrolytic cell. The development of potential inside the ES capillary upon the onset of ES was also studied, and initial results are presented. Potential waves are observed that can require 15 min or longer, to stabilize. The slow drift to steady potentials is evidence of upstream movement of electrochemically-produced species and follow-up reaction products; low conductivity solutions require longer intervals to reach a steady state. Potentials measured along the central ES axis reflect those at the ES capillary surface, although equipotential lines can be considered to be more compressed at the latter surface. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2004, 15, 1737-1747

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“…Liquid ligament thin as a thread is formed due to the surface tangential stress acting upon the end of the Taylor cone, and is divided into fine droplets at the end of the liquid ligament. This is because of the surface tangential stress that disturbs the surface of the liquid ligament (Bailey, 1998;Michelson, 1990). Electrosprayed droplets are quite monodisperse, highly charged and their size can be easily controlled by changing the flow rate and the electrical conductivity of the liquid (Ganan-Calvo et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Enhancement of Particle Removal Efficiency in Spray Tower Scrubber Using Electrospray

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

et al. 2014

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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There have been a lot of efforts to keep permissible emission standards and to reduce the amount of emitted air pollutants. There are several air pollution control equipments, however, wet scrubber is used to remove particulate matters and gaseous pollutants simultaneously, even if it has low collection efficiency in the particle size less than 5.0 μm. To overcome this problem, we introduced a spray tower scrubber with an electrospray system which a high voltage was indirectly applied. We found that collection efficiency of fine particles in the electrospray system was improved by increasing electrical field strength and the ratio of liquid-gas flow rate (from 41% to 84% for 0.3 μm particles). In addition, a number of small droplets generated from an electrospray system led high collection efficiency, resulting from electrostatic attraction between droplets and particles and higher collision frequency. Therefore, we can conclude that the introduction of an electrospray system is quite effective to increase the particle removal efficiency of a spray tower scrubber.

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Electrostatic Spraying of Liquids

Cited by 129 publications

References 0 publications

Perspective on Electrospray Ionization and Its Relation to Electrochemistry

Perspective on Electrospray Ionization and Its Relation to Electrochemistry

Negative ion mode evolution of potential buildup and mapping of potential gradients within the electrospray emitter

Experimental Study on the Enhancement of Particle Removal Efficiency in Spray Tower Scrubber Using Electrospray

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