Electrostatic Theory of Metal Whiskers

Карпов, В. Г.

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.1.044001

Cited by 61 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…[5][6][7][8][9] As a result, procedures for Zn whisker mitigation are lacking; neither are there accelerated life testing protocols helping to predict Zn whisker development. Here, we present data showing that the Zn whisker development from a raised floor tile can be greatly accelerated by the external electric field, a conclusion consistent with the electrostatic theory of metal whiskers [10][11][12][13] and recent observations of the field induced development of metal whiskers. [14][15][16][17] …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…It follows then that spontaneous Zn whisker growth can be attributed to the intrinsic near-surface electric fields due to surface imperfections. [10][11][12][13][14][15] (2) The suggested mechanism of the field-induced nucleation effect does not invalidate the earlier proposed hypotheses about the role of compressive stress as whisker driving force, [5][6][7][8][9] assuming that the stress creates local electric fields as explained in Refs. 10 and 13.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

et al. 2016

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We have investigated the impact of strong (∼10 4 V/cm) electric fields on the development of Zn whiskers. The original samples, with considerable whisker infestation were cut from Zn-coated steel floors and then exposed to electric fields stresses for 10-20 hours at room temperature. We used various electric field sources, from charges accumulated in samples irradiated by: (1) the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), (2) the electron beam of a medical linear accelerator, and (3) the ion beam of a linear accelerator; we also used (4) the electric field produced by a Van der Graaf generator. In all cases, the exposed samples exhibited a considerable (tens of percent) increase in whiskers concentration compared to the control sample. The acceleration factor defined as the ratio of the measured whisker growth rate over that in zero field, was estimated to approach several hundred. The statistics of lengths of e-beam induced whiskers was found to follow the log-normal distribution known previously for metal whiskers. The observed accelerated whisker growth is attributed to electrostatic effects. These results offer promise for establishing whisker-related accelerated life testing protocols. C 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

et al. 2016

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“…Because W increases with R, the smallest R are favorable, limited by extraneous requirements, such as e. g. sufficient integrity. Based on the data for other types of systems undergoing field induced nucleation, it was estimated that a reasonable minimum diameter is in the sub-nanometer range; 34 here, we assume R min ∼ 1 nm.…”

Section: A Field Induced Nucleationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent electrostatic theory [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] attributes MW driving forces to the electric fields, either induced by surface imperfections (charge patches) or externally. That theory predicts MW nucleation barrier, growth rates, and statistics of MW lengths vs. certain material parameters such as the surface tension σ and surface charge density n. However, a number of important questions remain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic Structure of Metal Whiskers

et al. 2018

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We present TEM images of the interior of metal whiskers (MW) grown on electroplated Sn films. Along with earlier published information, our observations focus on a number of questions, such as why MWs' diameters are in the micron range (significantly exceeding the typical nano-sizes of nuclei in solids), why the diameters remain practically unchanged in the course of MW growth, what is the nature of MW diameter stochasticity, and what is the origin of the well-known striation structure of MW side surfaces. In an attempt to address such questions we performed an in-depth study of MW structure at the nanoscale by detaching a MW from its original film, reducing its size to a thin slice by cutting its sides by a focused ion beam, and performing TEM on that structure. Our observations revealed a rich nontrivial morphology suggesting that MW may consist of many side by side grown filaments. This structure appears to extend to the outside whisker surface and be the reason for the striation. In addition, we put forward a theory where nucleation of multiple thin metal needles results into micron-scale and larger MW diameters. This theory is developed in the average field approximation similar to the roughening transitions of metal surfaces. The theory also predicts MW nucleation barriers and other observed features.PACS numbers:

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“…Moreover, the difficulties in Te whiskers research are connected not only with the small size and brittleness of the samples, but also with the problem of the obtained results treatment due to the unusual shape of the samples (a whisker cross section is, as a rule, a hexagon with a hexagonal hole in it). At present, the interest in the study of whiskers is at a high level [4,5]. The authors of the first study [6], describing the research, carried out on Те microtubes, grown in a special manner, studied galvanomagnetic effects, and noted a number of peculiarities, found while measuring the temperature dependence of the samples resistance and the magnetic field effect on their resistance.…”

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confidence: 98%

Galvanomagnetic effects in tellurium whiskers

Averkiev

Berezovets

Savchenko

et al. 2015

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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Galvanomagnetic effects on Te samples were studied. The measurements were made in the broad range of temperatures (1.5 K T 80 K) and the values of the magnetic field induction. Shubnikov-de-Haas oscillations (SH) were detected in strong magnetic fields (v c t ) 1, where v c is the cyclotrone frequency); as well as anomalous temperature dependence of the Hall potential in classically weak (v c t ( 1) magnetic fields. It was found out that the revealed SH oscillations are due to the Landau quantizations of the energy spectrum of three-dimensional (3D) charge carriers (holes) in the bulk samples under study. In the area of weak magnetic fields (v c t ( 1), the effect of anomalous magnetoresistance was found, which was due to the weak localization of 3D holes in the samples [1]. The theory of the Hall effect for holes in weak magnetic fields (B < 0.2 Т) was developed. It is based on the solution of kinetic Boltzmann equation with the specific type of the collision integral; taking into account the carriers energy spectrum in tellurium. It was shown that the peculiarities of the Hall effect temperature dependence; which were found experimentally in weak magnetic fields; can be qualitatively explained if we bear in mind the complex structure of tellurium valence band.

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Electrostatic Theory of Metal Whiskers

Cited by 61 publications

References 46 publications

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

Microscopic Structure of Metal Whiskers

Galvanomagnetic effects in tellurium whiskers

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