Electrostriction of highly swollen polymer gel: Possible application for gel actuator

Hirai, Toshihiro; Nemoto, Hiroshi; Hirai, Mitsuhiro; Hayashi, Sadao

doi:10.1002/app.1994.070530109

Cited by 87 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Hirai et al have first reported that dielectric gels made of poly (vinyl alcohol) swollen in dimethyl sulfoxide exhibit rapid contraction of 8 % within 0.1 s under an electric field of 250 V/mm [18]. Furthermore, plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) gels show amoebalike pseudopodial deformations and are applied to an electro-active artificial pupil.…”

Section: Dielectric Gels and Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electroresponsive Polymer

Okuzaki¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials

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SynonymsArtificial muscle; Electrically driven polymer; Electrically stimulated polymer; Electro-active polymer; Electro-driven polymer; Soft actuator Definition Electroresponsive polymers exhibit shape or volume changes in response to various electrical stimuli, capable of transducing an electrical energy into mechanical work, which can be applied to soft actuators or artificial muscles. The electroresponsive polymers are classified into currentresponsive polymers (ionic polymers and conductive polymers) and voltage-responsive polymers (dielectric gels and elastomers). Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC)Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is one of the current-responsive polymers developed by Oguro and Asaka utilizing a nafion membrane whose surfaces were chemically plated with gold or platinum [1] (Fig. 1). The IPMC bends toward the anode by applying an electric field, the mechanism of which is associated with the difference of swelling degree at both sides caused by an electrophoretic transport of protons carrying with water molecules. The IPMC actuators are flexible and suitable for downsizing capable of driving at low voltages (0.5~3 V), which provides medical applications such as micro-active catheters and guide wires. However, most of them operate in an electrolyte solution or in a swollen state. Asaka et al. have developed trilayer actuators utilizing a fluorinated polymer membrane containing ionic liquid as an active layer sandwiched between two bucky-gel layers consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in the ionic liquid as electrodes [2]. The bucky-gel actuator shows reversible bending more than 8,000 cycles at 30 Hz in air, which is associated with the electrophoretic polarization of ionic liquid in the active layer. Conductive PolymersConductive polymers, such as polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, show dimensional changes resulting from electrochemical doping, characterized by transportation of solvated ions between the interior of the polymer matrix and the surrounding electrolyte solution, electrostatic repulsion, and/or structural distortion through oxidation of p-conjugated polymers (Fig. 2) [3]. When the dopant ions are too large to dedope from the polymer matrix, the reduction of

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Section: Dielectric Gels and Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electroresponsive Polymer

Okuzaki¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials

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“…The bucky-gel actuator shows reversible bending more than 8,000 cycles at 30 Hz in air, which is associated with the electrophoretic polarization of ionic liquid in the active layer. Hirai first reported that dielectric gels made of PVA swollen in dimethyl sulfoxide exhibited rapid contraction of 8 % within 0.1 s under an electric field of 250 V/mm [62,72]. Furthermore, plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gels showed amoebalike pseudopodial deformations and applied to an electro-active artificial pupil.…”

Section: Electro-responsive Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Current Status of Materials and Properties of Soft Actuators

Okuzaki

2014

Soft Actuators

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In this chapter, brief history and current status of soft actuators made of various materials driven by different stimuli are described with typical references as milestones of the progress. The soft actuators originated from unique characteristics of cross-linked polymer gels for understanding their physical and chemical properties of dimensional changes and phase transitions induced by various environmental stimuli such as pH, salt, solvent, heat, light, and electric field. The 'explosion' of research and development of soft actuators in the 1990s extended over a variety of materials such as conductive polymers, elastomers, carbon nanotubes, and biomaterials, which had driven further progress in soft actuators not only from the fundamental viewpoint of basic science and materials chemistry and physics but also from the engineering viewpoint for the practical applications to light-weight, low-cost, no-noise, less-pollution, and high-efficiency micro-and macro-artificial muscles and soft robotic systems.

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“…We assume that no charged species migrates inside the gel. Dielectric gels may be used as insulators, sensors and actuators (Finis and Claudi, 2007;Filipcsei et al, 2000;Hirai, 2007;Hirai et al, 1994;Hirai et al, 2000;Popovic et al, 2001;Zheng et al, 2000;Zrinyi et al, 2000). 0020-7683/$ -see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretching and polarizing a dielectric gel immersed in a solvent

Zhao

Hong

Suo

2008

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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This paper studies a gel formed by a network of cross-linked polymers and a species of mobile molecules. The gel is taken to be a dielectric, in which both the polymers and the mobile molecules are non-ionic. We formulate a theory of the gel in contact with a solvent made of the mobile molecules, and subject to electromechanical loads. A free-energy function is constructed for an ideal dielectric gel, including contributions from stretching the network, mixing the polymers and the small molecules, and polarizing the gel. We show that the free-energy function is non-convex, leading to instabilities. We also show that mechanical constraint markedly affects the behavior of the gel.

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Electrostriction of highly swollen polymer gel: Possible application for gel actuator

Cited by 87 publications

References 9 publications

Electroresponsive Polymer

Electroresponsive Polymer

Progress and Current Status of Materials and Properties of Soft Actuators

Stretching and polarizing a dielectric gel immersed in a solvent

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