A new acyl‐functionalized poly(p‐phenylene) (Ac‐PPP) was synthesized by Yamamoto cross‐coupling and chemically modified to obtain an anthracene‐containing derivative (An‐PPP). The chemical structures of the polymers were confirmed by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. They are fully soluble in common organic solvents and have number‐average molecular weight of 2.70 × 103 and 5.26 × 103 g mol−1 for Ac‐PPP and An‐PPP, respectively. The optical properties of the polymers were investigated by UV–visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies. A green emission was observed in Ac‐PPP solid thin film and a yellow one in the anthracene‐containing polymer An‐PPP. The optical bandgap values were 3.21 and 3.08 eV for Ac‐PPP and An‐PPP, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012