Electrovortex motion of a melt in dc furnaces with a bottom electrode

Kazak, Oleg; Semko, A. N.

doi:10.1007/s10891-011-0464-1

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Similar flow structures are very well known from vacuum arc remelting and electro-slag remelting [90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97]. However, depending on the exact geometry, the direction of the flow might be reversed [98][99][100][101]. In our simulation, the velocities reach 0.6 mm/s for the symmetrical setup.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Electromagnetically driven convection suitable for mass transfer enhancement in liquid metal batteries

Weber

Nimtz

Personnettaz

et al. 2018

Applied Thermal Engineering

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Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) were recently proposed as cheap large scale energy storage. Such devices are urgently required for balancing highly fluctuating renewable energy sources. During discharge, intermetallic phases tend to form in the cathode of LMBs. These do not only limit the up-scalability, but also the efficiency of the cells. Generating a mild fluid flow in the fully liquid cell will smoothen concentration gradients and minimise the formation of intermetallics.In this context we study electro-vortex flow numerically. We simulate a recent LMB related experiment and discuss how the feeding lines to the cell can be optimised to enhance mass transfer. The Lorentz forces have to overcome the stable thermal stratification in the cathode of the cell; we show that thermal effects may reduce electro-vortex flow velocities considerable. Finally, we study the influence of the Earth magnetic field on the flow.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Electromagnetically driven convection suitable for mass transfer enhancement in liquid metal batteries

Weber

Nimtz

Personnettaz

et al. 2018

Applied Thermal Engineering

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“…Subsequent efforts produced pumps that drive liquid metal in flat channels with corners [191], through Y-and Ψ-shaped junctions [192], in a winding-free pump composed of a pair of junctions [193], and centrifugally [194]. Electro-vortex flow also occurs in cylindrical steel furnaces [195].…”

Section: Electro-vortex Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Kelley

Weier

2018

Applied Mechanics Reviews

108

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The design and performance of liquid metal batteries, a new technology for grid-scale energy storage, depend on fluid mechanics because the battery electrodes and electrolytes are entirely liquid. Here we review prior and current research on the fluid mechanics of liquid metal batteries, pointing out opportunities for future studies. Because the technology in its present form is just a few years old, only a small number of publications have so far considered liquid metal batteries specifically. We hope to encourage collaboration and conversation by referencing as many of those publications as possible here. Much can also be learned by linking to extensive prior literature considering phenomena observed or expected in liquid metal batteries, including thermal convection, magnetoconvection, Marangoni flow, interface instabilities, the Tayler instability, and electro-vortex flow. We focus on phenomena, materials, length scales, and current densities relevant to the liquid metal battery designs currently being commercialized. We try to point out breakthroughs that could lead to design improvements or make new mechanisms important.The story of fluid mechanics research in liquid metal batteries (LMBs) begins with one very important application: grid-scale storage. Electrical grids have almost no energy storage capacity, and adding storage will make them more robust and more resilient even as they incorporate increasing amounts of intermittent and unpredictable wind and solar generation. Liquid metal batteries have unique advantages as a grid-scale storage technology, but their uniqueness also means that designers must consider chemical and physical mechanisms -including fluid mechanisms -that are relevant to few other battery technologies, and in many cases not yet well-understood. We will review the fluid mechanics of liquid metal batteries, focusing on studies undertaken with that technology in mind, and also drawing extensively from prior work considering similar mechanisms in other contexts. In the interest of promoting dialogue across this new field, we have endeavored to include the work of many different researchers, though inevitably some will have eluded our search, and we ask for the reader's sympathy for regrettable omissions. Our story will be guided by technological application, focusing on mechanisms most relevant to liquid metal batteries as built for grid-scale storage. We will consider electrochemistry and theoretical fluid mechanics only briefly because excellent reviews of both topics are already available in the literature. In §1 below we provide an overview and brief introduction to liquid metal batteries, motivated by the present state of worldwide electrical grids, including the various types of liquid metal batteries that have been developed. We consider the history of liquid metal batteries in more detail in §2, connecting to the thermally regenerative electrochemical cells developed in the middle of the twentieth century. Continuing, we consider the fluid mechanisms that are most relevant to ...

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“…The study done by Wang et al 1,2) indicated that convection and radiation heat transfer mechanisms are responsible for heating and melting iron scrap in the steelmaking process. Kazak et al [3][4][5][6] concluded that the Lorenz force had the major effect on the origination of the vortex motion of a melt in bottom electrode direct current (DC) EAF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Simulation Model for Metallurgical Effects during EAF Refining Stage: Waiting and Arcing Time

Elkoumy¹,

El-Anwar

Fathy³

et al. 2018

ISIJ International

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3D computational fluid dynamics models using Fluent were developed to investigate the steel melt flow during waiting and arcing time. Both models were transient that analyzed 60 seconds to investigate the flow characteristics considering variation in steel melt thermo-physical parameters and operating conditions. The velocity of melt movement was high enough to make a turbulent flow (solved with realize k-ε turbulence model). It was found that the steel melt flow velocity increases by a combined effect of the steel melt temperature and composition, and slag pressure. The slag pressure increases by a double effect of slag density and height, and the steel melt fluid flow velocity changes with the slag pressure. The effect of the slag thickness is more significant than the effect of thermo-physical properties of steel melt. Although, the maximum steel melt velocity "during arcing time" may be as large as 0.67 m/s located at steel met outlet, the melt exhibits completely dead zones with minimum flow velocity distribution especially at the bottom and circumference areas. This indicates the importance of combined stirring and large reaction rates to achieve a complete homogeneous melt especially at bottom and circumference areas.

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Electrovortex motion of a melt in dc furnaces with a bottom electrode

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Electromagnetically driven convection suitable for mass transfer enhancement in liquid metal batteries

Electromagnetically driven convection suitable for mass transfer enhancement in liquid metal batteries

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Computational Simulation Model for Metallurgical Effects during EAF Refining Stage: Waiting and Arcing Time

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