Elemental Composition of Gallstone by DC Arc Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Detection and quantification of heavy metal elements in gallstones using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

“…[13,14] The most widely used techniques to analyze the elemental composition of gallstones are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (MS), laser-based spectroscopic techniques (laser-induced plasma spectroscopy/ laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy/laser ablation ICP-MS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, particle-induced X-ray emission, and scanning electron microscopy attached with energy-dispersive X-ray. [15][16][17][18] In addition to the major elements, it is also important to study the presence and effects of trace elements, which participate in various metabolic processes inside human body including stone formation. In recent years, several spectroscopic methods have been employed to investigate gallstones to identify novel, minimal, and noninvasive methods.…”

“…In recent years, several spectroscopic methods have been employed to investigate gallstones to identify novel, minimal, and noninvasive methods. [15][16][17][18][19][20] However, each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages over others.…”

“…[19][20][21][22] Some authors documented the use of ED-XRF spectrometry for the analysis of gallstones. [16,20] Kinci and Sahin [20] quantified calcium and iodine in gallstones using ED-XRF, whereas Ashok et al [22] measured many important elements, such as bromine (Br), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), in gallbladder stones employing ED-XRF. However, very few reports on human gallstone analysis using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) have been documented.…”

“…Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a very effective technique in gastroenterology to analyze the composition of stones due to its highly accuracy, the fact that it is less time‐consuming and cost‐effectiveness . The most widely used techniques to analyze the elemental composition of gallstones are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (MS), laser‐based spectroscopic techniques (laser‐induced plasma spectroscopy/laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy/laser ablation ICP‐MS), time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, particle‐induced X‐ray emission, and scanning electron microscopy attached with energy‐dispersive X‐ray . In addition to the major elements, it is also important to study the presence and effects of trace elements, which participate in various metabolic processes inside human body including stone formation.…”

“…In addition to the major elements, it is also important to study the presence and effects of trace elements, which participate in various metabolic processes inside human body including stone formation. In recent years, several spectroscopic methods have been employed to investigate gallstones to identify novel, minimal, and noninvasive methods . However, each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages over others.…”