Elemental mercury in coastal seawater of Yellow Sea, China: Temporal variation and air–sea exchange

Ci, Zhijia; Zhang, Xiaoshan; Wang, Zhangwei

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.025

Cited by 62 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In many days of the study period (e.g., 30 January and 7 February), the Hg(0) concentrations in waters generally paralleled the solar radiation, presented clearly a diurnal variation with low levels before sunrise, increased to and reached peak levels around noon, and then decreased to low levels in the afternoon and nighttime. This similar correlation has been widely reported (e.g., Fantozzi et al 2007;Ci et al 2011a). Linear regression analysis suggested that Hg(0) concentrations in waters were positively and significantly correlated to the PAR (water Hg (0) The wind force seems also to greatly regulate the variation of Hg(0) concentrations in waters in a short time scale.…”

Section: Hg(0) In Watersupporting

confidence: 85%

“…These concentrations were significantly higher than those in the Northern Hemisphere background region (1.50-1.75 ng m −3 , Ebinghaus et al 2002) Nguyen et al 2007Nguyen et al , 2010, the island of Okinawa (2.04 ng m −3 , Jaffe et al 2005), and the open water of the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea (~2-3 ng m −3 , Ci et al 2011aCi et al , d, 2015Wang et al 2016).…”

Section: Hg(0) In Atmospherementioning

confidence: 79%

“…The Hg analysis system was calibrated using a gastight micro-syringe to inject Hg(0)-saturated air from water bath, and the analytical precision was <2 % (Ci et al 2011a). The method detection limit (three times the standard deviations of system blanks) for Hg(0) and THg in waters and Hg(0) in the atmosphere was 3.0 pg L −1 , 0.10 ng L −1 , and 0.05 ng m −3 , respectively.…”

Section: Sampling Analysis and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method detection limit (three times the standard deviations of system blanks) for Hg(0) and THg in waters and Hg(0) in the atmosphere was 3.0 pg L −1 , 0.10 ng L −1 , and 0.05 ng m −3 , respectively. The related environmental parameters, including the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), water temperature, and wind speed, were monitored with the corresponding sensors (Ci et al 2011a). …”

Section: Sampling Analysis and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This marine system is characterized by high solar radiation and water temperature, inducing special biogeochemistry of trace elements (Fitzgerald et al 1984;Christian et al 2001). Currently, most of investigations on the air-sea Hg(0) exchange were conducted in the temperate (Mason et al 1995Lanzillotta et al 2002;Gårdfeldt et al 2003;Andersson et al 2007;Fantozzi et al 2007Fantozzi et al , 2013; Kuss and Schneider 2007;Ci et al 2011aCi et al , d, 2015Soerensen et al 2013) and polar (Mason et al 1995;Andersson et al 2008b) marine environments. Only a few measurements focused on tropical oceans and seas (Kim and Fitzgerald 1986;Mason and Fitzgerald 1993;Fu et al 2010;Kuss et al 2011;Tseng et al 2012Tseng et al , 2013Soerensen et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air–sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea, the Hainan Island, China

Zhang

Wang

2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The air-sea exchange of gaseous mercury (mainly Hg(0)) in the tropical ocean is an important part of the global Hg biogeochemical cycle, but the related investigations are limited. In this study, we simultaneously measured Hg(0) concentrations in surface waters and overlaying air in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea (SCS), Hainan Island, China, for 13 days on January-February 2015. The purpose of this study was to explore the temporal variation of Hg(0) concentrations in air and surface waters, estimate the air-sea Hg(0) flux, and reveal their influencing factors in the tropical coastal environment. The mean concentrations (±SD) of Hg(0) in air and total Hg (THg) in waters were 2.34 ± 0.26 ng m −3 and 1.40 ± 0.48 ng L −1 , respectively. Both Hg(0) concentrations in waters (53.7 ± 18.8 pg L −1 ) and Hg(0)/THg ratios (3.8 %) in this study were significantly higher than those of the open water of the SCS in winter. Hg(0) in waters usually exhibited a clear diurnal variation with increased concentrations in daytime and decreased concentrations in nighttime, especially in cloudless days with low wind speed. Linear regression analysis suggested that Hg(0) concentrations in waters were positively and significantly correlated to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (R 2 = 0.42, p < 0.001). Surface waters were always supersaturated with Hg(0) compared to air (the degree of saturation, 2.46 to 13.87), indicating that the surface water was one of the atmospheric Hg(0) sources. The air-sea Hg(0) fluxes were estimated to be 1.73 ± 1.25 ng m −2 h −1 with a large range between 0.01 and 6.06 ng m −2 h −1 . The high variation of Hg(0) fluxes was mainly attributed to the greatly temporal variation of wind speed.

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Section: Hg(0) In Watersupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Hg(0) In Atmospherementioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Sampling Analysis and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Analysis and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air–sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea, the Hainan Island, China

Zhang

Wang

2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The Relationship and Influencing Factors Water-Gas Interface Mercury Emission Flux and Water Suspended Mercury of a Gold Mining Area River

Liu

Zhang

2019

Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in China

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Mass balance of mercury for the Yellow Sea downwind and downstream of East Asia: the preliminary results, uncertainties and future research priorities

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2013

Biogeochemistry

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The Yellow Sea (YS) is a potentially important receptor for enhanced anthropogenic Hg emissions from East Asia. In the past decade, high quality Hg data related to this marine system has a significant increase. Here we review the available total Hg data and then develop the first Hg mass balance to obtain insights into the sources, sinks, pathways and processes regulating the Hg cycle in the YS. The result suggests that a total of 178.9 ± 36.8 kmol Hg is held in the water column with an input of 109.7 ± 17.2 kmol year -1 and an output of 89.7 ± 14.5 kmol year -1. The input mainly comes from atmospheric deposition (56.2 kmol or 51.2 % of the input) and river discharge (25.0 kmol or 22.8 % of the input). The output is dominated by Hg(0) evasion from sea surface (37.2 kmol or 41.5 % of the output) and sedimentation (33.0 kmol or 36.8 % of the output). Although the result shows an increase of Hg in the water column (*11 ± 13 % annually), the high uncertainties of the estimate suggest that this result should be considered carefully. Future mass balance development would benefit from improving the understanding of following processes: tempo-spatial variations of atmospheric Hg deposition (especially the dry deposition), riverine Hg distribution and fate in the estuary, air/sea Hg(0) exchange and the controlling factors, and the waterborne Hg scavenging as well as sedimentation in the open ocean.

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Elemental mercury in coastal seawater of Yellow Sea, China: Temporal variation and air–sea exchange

Cited by 62 publications

References 55 publications

Air–sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea, the Hainan Island, China

Air–sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea, the Hainan Island, China

The Relationship and Influencing Factors Water-Gas Interface Mercury Emission Flux and Water Suspended Mercury of a Gold Mining Area River

Mass balance of mercury for the Yellow Sea downwind and downstream of East Asia: the preliminary results, uncertainties and future research priorities

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