Elements of Pharmaceutical Pricing

Kolassa, E

doi:10.1201/b13780

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Of the four paths mentioned in the introduction and summarized in Table 1, extensive numerical simulations have only been reported for the exchange mechanism, path 4 (Funato et al 2004;Kolassa 2004). In this section we present a brief comparison of our multiple-scattering model with alternative theories and also report some model simulations which we have performed for paths 2 and 3 (Goldreich et al 2002).…”

Section: Alt E R Nat I V E F O R M At I O N M O D E L Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries through multiple chaotic scattering encounters with low-mass intruders

Astakhov

Lee

Farrelly

2005

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The discovery that many trans‐Neptunian objects exist in pairs, or binaries, is proving invaluable for shedding light on the formation, evolution and structure of the outer Solar system. Based on recent systematic searches it has been estimated that up to 10 per cent of Kuiper‐belt objects might be binaries. However, all examples discovered to date are unusual, as compared with near‐Earth and main‐belt asteroid binaries, for their mass ratios of the order of unity and their large, eccentric orbits. In this article we propose a common dynamical origin for these compositional and orbital properties based on four‐body simulations in the Hill approximation. Our calculations suggest that binaries are produced through the following chain of events. Initially, long‐lived quasi‐bound binaries form by two bodies getting entangled in thin layers of dynamical chaos produced by solar tides within the Hill sphere. Next, energy transfer through gravitational scattering with a low‐mass intruder nudges the binary into a nearby non‐chaotic, stable zone of phase space. Finally, the binary hardens (loses energy) through a series of relatively gentle gravitational scattering encounters with further intruders. This produces binary orbits that are well fitted by Kepler ellipses. Dynamically, the overall process is strongly favoured if the original quasi‐bound binary contains comparable masses. We propose a simplified model of chaotic scattering to explain these results. Our findings suggest that the observed preference for roughly equal‐mass ratio binaries is probably a real effect; that is, it is not primarily due to an observational bias for widely separated, comparably bright objects. Nevertheless, we predict that a sizeable population of very unequal‐mass Kuiper‐belt binaries is probably awaiting discovery.

show abstract

Section: Alt E R Nat I V E F O R M At I O N M O D E L Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries through multiple chaotic scattering encounters with low-mass intruders

Astakhov

Lee

Farrelly

2005

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…7 7 We also considered the impact of the volume of sales of a drug on price dispersion. As noted by Kolassa (1997), pharmacies may use high selling products as loss leaders to increase the number of customers. High‐volume drugs are still sold at a price above marginal cost, but the markup may be relatively smaller.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Characteristics and Price Dispersion in the Market for Prescription Drugs

Ohler¹,

Smith²

2012

Contemporary Economic Policy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We examine the relationship between population characteristics and price dispersion for 75 prescription drugs in five markets. Based on models of price dispersion, we consider that search costs are likely lower for the elderly, who are repeat purchasers. Expected benefits from search are likely higher for low‐income households, who lack insurance. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that for communities with a large percentage of elderly and poor population, search effort is greater for pharmaceutical drugs, causing lower price dispersion. By understanding the characteristics of who searches for low drug prices, we begin to identify the motives of consumers that might also lead to search for the lowest cost healthcare provider or lowest cost insurance. The results suggest that the Medicare legislation that attempts to close the pharmaceutical doughnut hole may reduce search by the elderly, increase price dispersion, and potentially increase the average price of prescription drugs. (JEL D12, D83, I1, I18)

show abstract

“…The value of medicine therefore lies in its ability to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes that are not available through other methods or at costs significantly lower than those of other interven- tions. 6 This notion of value -the cost of medicine to the patient -introduces an element that is beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice it to say that, for the purposes of this paper, value is predominantly concerned with the consumption of medicine.…”

Section: What Is Value?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Furthermore, the benefits accrued to the patients in consuming the medicine, the need for the medicine derived from the health status of the patient, and alternatives available to reach the same or similar outcomes are all directly related to the utility of medicine. 6 "Utility is indicative of the total needs satisfaction which a consumer derives from the use of a product/service within a given period." 4 It stands to reason that a patient would want to maximise the utility of a medicine by ensuring that the greatest benefit is obtained from the use of the medicine, and by matching his/her healthcare need with the best medicine available.…”

Section: What Is Value?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of medicine in improving the quality of care

Carapinha

2006

South African Family Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Patients expect the provision of quality care from the healthcare system, whether they are in the public sector or the private sector. One method amongst many of ensuring the provision of quality care is through the use of medicine. This paper aims to answer the question: what is the value of medicine and how is this related to the quality of the care that patients receive? To this end, the paper explores these concepts through a structured approach, firstly discussing the value and quality of care. By drawing on debates that have taken place in the international literature and applying these to the South African environment, an approach is provided to discuss the quality of care patients receive within the context of medicine consumption. Numerous tools are provided, including the three dimensions of quality and the different perspectives on quality. To improve the quality of care, consideration should be given to the regulatory framework, continuous quality improvement models, market competition and payment incentives. The paper has not aimed to provide readymade solutions for quality gaps in the healthcare system, nor does it pretend that a solution is easily achievable without concerted effort from all healthcare stakeholders. The paper makes a contribution to the growing body of knowledge accessible to healthcare stakeholders with which to discuss the value of medicine in improving quality of care. SA Fam Pract 2006;48(10): 6-11)

show abstract

Elements of Pharmaceutical Pricing

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries through multiple chaotic scattering encounters with low-mass intruders

Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries through multiple chaotic scattering encounters with low-mass intruders

Population Characteristics and Price Dispersion in the Market for Prescription Drugs

The value of medicine in improving the quality of care

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About