Éléments pour une morphologie des politistes français au vingt et unième siècle

Déloye, Yves

doi:10.7202/1014962ar

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Pour une application récente aux phénomènes marchands, voir les travaux de Pierre François (2008) ou ceux de Pierre-Marie Chauvin (2011). La notion est aussi utilement mobilisée par Yves Déloye dans son analyse des évolutions de la science politique en France (Déloye, 2012). 12.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

La « niche fiscale » des journalistes et la morphologie des mondes de l’information.

Bastin

2015

slj

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Les journalistes français bénéficient depuis les années 1930 d’un important avantage fiscal. Celui-ci leur permet, du fait de leur profession, de payer moins d’impôts que les autres contribuables. Cette « niche fiscale » est analysée dans cet submission sur un plan morphologique pour le groupe des journalistes. On examine d’un côté ses effets sur les équilibres en matière d’emploi ou de revenus sur lesquels est fondé le journalisme en France et, de l’autre, ses effets sur l’identité des journalistes. Les deux formes idéal-typiques que cet avantage a prises dans l’histoire du journalisme français sont rappelées : l’abattement proportionnel au revenu des origines, conçu comme un moyen de lutter contre la paupérisation des journalistes et d’unifier la profession ; l’abattement fixe qui prévaut depuis 1998 et qui répond à un critère d’équité fiscale dans un contexte de précarisation du travail des journalistes. L’abattement fiscal s’apparente aujourd’hui à une forme de socialisation partielle de l’engagement dans les mondes de l’information, notamment pour ceux qui viennent d’y arriver et n’y occupent pas des positions stables. Cependant, ses effets sur la morphologie du groupe des journalistes sont ambigus. On observe d’un côté un effet de renforcement de ce groupe, du fait de la socialisation (même limitée) du revenu des journalistes permise par l’abattement. De l’autre côté l’abattement participe à affaiblir le groupe, notamment parce qu’il place les journalistes en position de devoir se justifier professionnellement face à l’administration fiscale dans les cas de contentieux sur cet abattement ou, très régulièrement aussi, face à un nouvel acteur désireux d’intervenir dans la définition du mandat social des journalistes : le public. French journalists have benefited from significant tax breaks since the 1930’s which allow them, by virtue of their profession, to pay less income tax than others. This submission examines this tax relief from a morphological perspective for journalists as a group. On one hand we will study its effect on fair employment and income practices underpinning journalism in France, and on the other, its effects on journalists’ identity. The two ideal-typical forms this fiscal advantage has taken in the history of French journalism are outlined: the original proportional taxation scheme, designed to counter the impoverishment of journalists and unify the profession; and the fixed tax relief in place since1998 to meet tax fairness criteria in the context of job insecurity for journalists. Today’s tax relief resembles a partial socialization of employment in the news industry, most notably for those new to it and who do not hold stable employment. Its effects on the morphology of journalists as a group are ambiguous, however. On one hand there is a reinforcing effect on the group due to the socialization (albeit limited) of journalists’ income afforded by tax relief. On the other, the tax relief weakens the group, partly because it puts journalists in the position of having to justify themselves professionally to tax authorities in the case of disputes over this relief; or again, as is happening with increasing regularity, justify themselves to a new element seeking to participate in defining the social mandate of journalists: the public. Os jornalistas franceses se beneficiam, desde os anos 1930, de um importante incentivo fiscal. Por conta da profissão, eles têm o direito de pagar menos impostos do que os outros contribuintes. Esse “nicho fiscal” é analisado neste artigo sob um ponto de vista morfológico na relação com o grupo dos jornalistas. Examinase, por um lado, os seus efeitos no equilíbrio entre emprego e rendimentos, mecanismo que serviu como justificativa para a fundação do jornalismo na França e, por outro lado, os seus efeitos na identidade do jornalista. Os dois formatos ideal-típicos que esse tipo de benefício fez uso na história do jornalismo francês são retomados: a isenção proporcional feita na fonte, conhecido como mecanismo para lutar contra o empobrecimento dos jornalistas e unificar a profissão; e o desconto fixo, que prevalece a partir de 1998, e que responde a um critério de equidade fiscal em um contexto de precarização do trabalho dos jornalistas. A redução fiscal se aproxima, nos dias de hoje, a uma forma de socialização parcial dos engajamentos nos mundos da notícia, principalmente para os que acabam de ingressar nesse espaço e que não ocupam posições estáveis. Contudo, seus efeitos na morfologia do grupo dos jornalistas são ambíguos. Observa-se, por um lado, um efeito de reforço desse grupo por conta da socialização (mesmo que limitada) do rendimento dos jornalistas, uma consequência desses incentivos. Por outro, a redução fiscal é um mecanismo de enfraquecimento do grupo, principalmente porque faz com que os jornalistas tenham de se justificar profissionalmente junto à administração fiscal em casos de contestação desse desconto, ou, o que é ainda mais comum, face a um novo ator que deseja intervir na definição do mandato social dos jornalistas: o público.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

La « niche fiscale » des journalistes et la morphologie des mondes de l’information.

Bastin

2015

slj

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“…During this period, a growth rate of 3.3% in the number of permanent positions for political scientists was maintained between 1986 and 1996, tailing off to 2.8% for the period 1996-2006. (Déloye, 2012). In short, retrospectively the 1990s and early 2000s 1 Although wherever possible what follows is based upon 'objectified' data, its interpretation is obviously coloured by my own trajectory.…”

Section: Jobs and Recruitment Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 98%

A glass half full: the growing strength of French political science

Smith

2020

Eur Polit Sci

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“…In total, French political science teaching and research is run by approximately 130 full professors, 240 assistant and associate professors, and 120 CNRS researchers (Roux, 2018). Compared to other disciplines such as law, economics, or sociology, this limited number of academics spread across the country and working in various different subfields (of which political sociology and policy studies are the dominant ones) does not contribute to the visibility of the discipline (Déloye, 2012). The French public still sees Sciences Po as an 'elitist' school located in the capital, rather than a scientific discipline as such.…”

Section: The Characteristics and Visibility Of French Political Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

A Small Discipline, Scarce Publicity, and Compromised Outward Reach: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in France

Squevin

Aubin

2022

The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Europe

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Although it has been developing and come through processes of institutionalization since WWII, French political science remains a small and rather marginalized discipline in search for visibility. Several tendencies work against the performance of a decisive advisory role from its part, especially the presence of an already solid and wide-ranging internal, in-house (state) expertise, which is still considered by many as a strong national asset. Consequently, it makes it hard for political scientists, as external academic actors, to exist in the eyes of decision-makers and achieve relevance. Nonetheless, driven by favourable attitudes towards an advisory and public engagement and the presence of facilitating conditions, we show that French political science infrequently manages to move in the policy advisory system. This chapter notably finds that political scientists might individually or collectively benefit from a participatory turn shaping the operation of advisory systems, that some level of boundary work takes place in relation with public administration, and that think tanks and sub-national actors’ reinforcement has opened opportunities for advice-giving and advice circulation. A case study about an important project of reform of the parliament illustrates how involvements from French political scientists in public debates and advisory activities might unfold and translate into practice.

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Éléments pour une morphologie des politistes français au vingt et unième siècle

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

La « niche fiscale » des journalistes et la morphologie des mondes de l’information.

La « niche fiscale » des journalistes et la morphologie des mondes de l’information.

A glass half full: the growing strength of French political science

A Small Discipline, Scarce Publicity, and Compromised Outward Reach: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in France

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