Elevated and similar urinary testosterone/epitestosterone ratio in all samples of a competition testing: Suspicion of a manipulation

Robinson, Neil; Castella, Vincent; Saudan, C; Sottas, Pierre-Edouard; Schweizer, Carine; Dimo-Simonin, N.; Mangin, Patrice; Saugy, Martial

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.005

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…''Stress'' has been assessed in urine through cortisol [298], testosterone [299], epitestosterone [300], and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) [240]. Steroidal compounds, including natural and synthetic varieties, are filtered through the glomerulus without any limitation.…”

Section: Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.

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Section: Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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“…Traditionally, World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) indicated specific endogenous steroids to be determined and compared to a reference population in terms of concentration ranges and abundance ratios [2]. Doped athletes taking extra-physiological doses of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) were originally identified by their abnormal values of testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio [3][4][5][6][7], as compared to common physiological values and cut-off T/E thresholds established by WADA [2,6]. The detection of an abnormal T/E ratio value is reported as an atypical finding and confirmatory analysis by isotopic-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is requested to unequivocally recognize the exogenous administration of doping agents [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of multivariate statistics to the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport: A proof of concept study

Alladio

Caruso

Gerace

et al. 2016

Analytica Chimica Acta

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The Technical Document TD2014EAAS was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in order to fight the spread of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) misuse in several sport disciplines. In particular, adoption of the so-called Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) - Steroidal Module allowed control laboratories to identify anomalous EAAS concentrations within the athletes' physiological urinary steroidal profile. Gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS), indicated by WADA as an appropriate technique to detect urinary EAAS, was utilized in the present study to develop and fully-validate an analytical method for the determination of all EAAS markers specified in TD2014EAAS, plus two further markers hypothetically useful to reveal microbial degradation of the sample. In particular, testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, were included in the analytical method. Afterwards, the multi-parametric feature of ABP profile was exploited to develop a robust approach for the detection of EAAS misuse, based on multivariate statistical analysis. In particular, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was combined with Hotelling T(2) tests to explore the EAAS data obtained from 60 sequential urine samples collected from six volunteers, in comparison with a reference population of single urine samples collected from 96 volunteers. The new approach proved capable of identifying anomalous results, including (i) the recognition of samples extraneous to each of the individual urine series and (ii) the discrimination of the urine samples collected from individuals to whom "endogenous" steroids had been administrated with respect to the rest of the samples population. The proof-of-concept results presented in this study will need further extension and validation on a population of sport professionals.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] The standard method for the personal identification of biological samples is short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of nuclear DNA, consisting of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fragment analysis of PCR products by capillary electrophoresis. When substitution or manipulation of a urine sample is suspected, analysis of genomic DNA (gDNA) (nuclear and/or mitochondrial DNA) is conducted for the personal identification of the sample to ensure its authenticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When substitution or manipulation of a urine sample is suspected, analysis of genomic DNA (gDNA) (nuclear and/or mitochondrial DNA) is conducted for the personal identification of the sample to ensure its authenticity. [1][2][3][4][5] The standard method for the personal identification of biological samples is short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of nuclear DNA, consisting of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fragment analysis of PCR products by capillary electrophoresis. An effective application of the STR analysis is the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® PCR amplification kit (Life Technologies Japan, Tokyo, Japan), which has been adopted by the Japanese police; it targets 15 STR loci and the amelogenin sex-determining marker.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA typing for personal identification of urine after long‐term preservation for testing in doping control

Aoki

Tanaka

Ueki

2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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When the tampering of a urine sample is suspected in doping control, personal identification of the sample needs to be determined by short tandem repeat (STR) analysis using DNA. We established a method for extracting DNA from urine samples stored at -20 °C without using any additives or procedures, which is consistent with how samples are required to be managed for doping control. The method, using the Puregene® Blood Core kit followed by NucleoSpin® gDNA Clean-up or NucleoSpin® gDNA Clean-up XS kit, does not need any special instrument and can provide a purified extract with high-quality DNA from up to 40 mL of urine suitable for STR analysis using an AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® PCR amplification kit. Storing urine at -20 °C is detrimental to the stability of DNA. The DNA concentration of preserved urine could not be predicted by specific gravity or creatinine level at the time of urine collection. The DNA concentration of a purified extract (10 μL) was required to be >0.06 ng/μL to ensure a successful STR analysis. Thus, the required extraction volumes of urine preserved for 3-7 years at -20 °C were estimated to be 30 mL and 20 mL to succeed in at least 86% of men and 91% of women, respectively. Considering the long half-life of DNA during long-term preservation, our extraction method is applicable to urine samples stored even for 10 years, which is currently the storage duration allowed (increased from 8 years) before re-examination in doping control. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Elevated and similar urinary testosterone/epitestosterone ratio in all samples of a competition testing: Suspicion of a manipulation

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Application of multivariate statistics to the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport: A proof of concept study

DNA typing for personal identification of urine after long‐term preservation for testing in doping control

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