Elevated arousal following acute ammonia inhalation is not associated with increased neuromuscular performance

Abstract

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Effect of Odor Stimulations on Physical Activity: A Systematic Review

“…As presented in Table 1, studies took place in Belgium [19], Iran [9, 12, 18], Japan [13, 16], Korea [14, 15], Palestine [27], Philippines [20, 21], the United Kingdom [22, 25], and the United States of America [10, 11, 17, 23, 24, 26]. Most of those studies were conducted on young athletes [10-22, 24-27] and the rest on adults [9, 23].…”

“…Five studies placed the odor right under the nose with an adhesive strip [11, 12, 20, 21, 24] while other used small tubes [13, 22, 26], nasal spray [19], scented headphones [23], nasal cannula [10], odor on the wrist [15], odor in a mask [9, 16, 17], or odor diffused in the testing room [14, 18, 25, 27]. The period in which the participant inhaled the odor also varied between three seconds [26] to five minutes [27] before the PA. Odors that were presented more often in those 19 studies were peppermint [10-12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27], lavender [9, 20, 21, 24], citrus [14, 16, 27], and ammonia [22, 26]. There were also jasmine [17], essential oil mixture [15], and forest smell [25].…”

“…The objective of this systematic review was to document the effect of odors on various types of PA. Out of the 19 studies selected, 18 were retained after the risk of bias assessment, in which Esfangreh’s study was removed [18]. The odors from the most to the least used for the tests were peppermint [10-12, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27], lavender [9, 20, 21, 24], citrus [14, 16, 27], ammonia [22, 26], forest smell [25], jasmine [17], an oil mixture [15], a glucose spray [19] and any participant’s choice odor [13]. With odor interventions, five studies out of six showed significant improvement in some parameters (e.g., 1RM, number of repetitions, abdominal and back muscles strength, participants’ attention, cardiac output) during a strength task [11, 13, 15, 22, 24]; eight out of ten for a cardiovascular task [10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 25, 27]; two studies out of three also demonstrated an increase in precision [17, 20]; and an increase in postural balance was also tested and reported in one study [9].…”

“…The odors from the most to the least used for the tests were peppermint [10-12, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27], lavender [9, 20, 21, 24], citrus [14, 16, 27], ammonia [22, 26], forest smell [25], jasmine [17], an oil mixture [15], a glucose spray [19] and any participant’s choice odor [13]. With odor interventions, five studies out of six showed significant improvement in some parameters (e.g., 1RM, number of repetitions, abdominal and back muscles strength, participants’ attention, cardiac output) during a strength task [11, 13, 15, 22, 24]; eight out of ten for a cardiovascular task [10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 25, 27]; two studies out of three also demonstrated an increase in precision [17, 20]; and an increase in postural balance was also tested and reported in one study [9]. Overall, this systematic review demonstrated that some odors might improve PA performance depending on the odors’ exposition.…”

“…It would then results in better and faster work from the breathing muscles, causing an increase in alertness [31, 32]. This process might explain the results obtained in both studies, while the non-significant one [26] evaluated the strength and the significant one [22] the participants’ feelings during the strength task. Since the PA were strength tasks, the respiratory system was less solicited than for other types of PA.…”