Elevated Bioactivity of Ruta graveolens against Cancer Cells and Microbes Using Seaweeds

Abstract

Human cancer and pathogenic microbes cause a significant number of deaths every year. Modulating current sources of natural products that control such diseases becomes essential. Natural algae, such as Ascophyllum nodosum and Ecklonia maxima, can modulate the metabolic processes as well the bioactivities of Ruta graveolens L. The R. graveolens plants were subjected to nine soil drenches of A. nodosum (7 mL L−1), E. maxima (7 mL L−1), or both extracts. Morphological performance, gas exchange parameters, and essential oils (EOs) composition (GC-MS) were studied and the bioactivity was assessed against several cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria or fungi. Treatment with A. nodosum + E. maxima seaweed extracts (SWE) led to the highest morphological performance and gas exchange parameters. The highest antiproliferative, apoptotic, and caspase-3/7 activities of EO were against HeLa in SWE mixture treated plants. The best EO antimicrobial activities were obtained against Staphylococcus aureus and Penicillium ochrochloron. SWE mixtures treated plants showed the best bioactivities against microbes and cancer cells. The highest abundance of 2-undecanone (62%) and 2-nonanone (18%) was found in plants treated with SWE mixtures and caused the best anticancer and antimicrobial effects. Seaweed mixtures act as natural elicitors of pharmaceutical industries and favored 2-undecanone and 2-nonanone in R. graveolens.

Polyphenol Profile and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Natural Mentha × piperita and Mentha longifolia Populations in Northern Saudi Arabia

“…Bacterial and fungal infections cause serious human diseases such as pneumonia, soft tissue infection, sepsis, listeriosis, candidiasis, and peritonitis [20][21][22][23][24]. However, antibiotic resistance is an increasingly prevalent issue in the medical and scientific communities [25], and thus the discovery of new polyphenol sources to control these diseases is important.…”

Malus baccata var. gracilis and Malus toringoides Bark Polyphenol Studies and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities

“…Tree barks are promising sources of these polyphenols; they contain phenolic acids, flavonoids, and catechins, as well as sugars [2,12,19,21,22]. Phenolic acids are an important group of phenols as they act as antioxidant agents and have, for example, anticancer and antimicrobial properties [3,[23][24][25][26][27].Microbial infections with Staphylococcus aureus cause serious human diseases such as soft tissue infection, pneumonia, sepsis, and peritonitis [28,29]. Other serious diseases, such as listeriosis (which leads to preterm birth and miscarriage) and mild gastroenteritis of immunocompetent individuals, are caused by the bacterial foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes [30].…”

“…Microbial infections with Staphylococcus aureus cause serious human diseases such as soft tissue infection, pneumonia, sepsis, and peritonitis [28,29]. Other serious diseases, such as listeriosis (which leads to preterm birth and miscarriage) and mild gastroenteritis of immunocompetent individuals, are caused by the bacterial foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes [30].…”

Ruta Essential Oils: Composition and Bioactivities

“…From the studies on the composition of the essential oils of Ruta species, it appears that these essential oils, unlike many other plant essential oils, generally lack terpene components, but predominantly possess aliphatic ketones and some minor aliphatic alcohols. Based on the studies conducted on the dried or fresh plant materials of Ruta species ( Table 1 ) [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ,…”

“…Linds. [ 10 , 11 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], and another species, R. graveolens [ 8 , 16 , 18 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ] co...…”