Elevated CO2 and aboveground–belowground herbivory by the clover root weevil

Abstract

Predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations are expected to increase primary productivity in many terrestrial ecosystems, which could lead to plants becoming N limited. Studies suggest that legumes may partially overcome this by increasing biological nitrogen fixation. However, these studies have not yet considered how these changes may be affected by the altered dynamics of insect herbivores feeding on the plant. This study investigated how elevated CO(2) (700 microl l(-1)) affected the clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus), a significant pest of white clover (Trifolium repens). Adults feed on leaves aboveground where they lay eggs; soil-dwelling larvae initially feed on root nodules that house N(2)-fixing bacteria. Foliar C:N ratios rose by 9% at elevated CO(2), but the biggest responses were observed belowground, with increases in root mass (85% greater) and nodule abundance (220% more abundant). Root C:N ratios increased significantly from 10.95 to 11.60 under elevated CO(2), which increased even further to 13.13 when nodules were attacked by larval S. lepidus. Adult S. lepidus consumed significantly more leaf tissue at elevated CO(2) (0.47 cm(2) day(-1)) compared with ambient CO(2) (0.35 cm(2) day(-1)), suggesting compensatory feeding, but laid 23% fewer eggs at elevated CO(2). Even though fewer eggs were laid at elevated CO(2), 38% more larvae were recovered suggesting that larval survival was much better under elevated CO(2). Increased larval abundance and performance at elevated CO(2) were positively correlated with the number of nodules available. In conclusion, reduced foliar quality at elevated CO(2) was generally disadvantageous for adult S. lepidus living aboveground, but extremely beneficial for S. lepidus larvae living belowground, due to the enhanced nodulation. Climate change may, therefore, enhance biological nitrogen fixation by T. repens, but potential benefits (e.g. provision of N without chemical fertilizers) may be undermined by larger populations of S. lepidus larvae belowground.

Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on aboveground-belowground systems: a case study with plants, their mutualistic bacteria and root/shoot herbivores

“…eCO 2 has been shown to promote nodulation and performance of another Sitona species ( S. lepidus ) on white clover ( Trifolium repens ) (Johnson and McNicol, 2010). In that study, the effects of temperature were not tested, though the authors speculated that enhanced nodulation and S. lepidus larval performance seen under eCO 2 might be tempered by eT.…”

Foraging in the Dark – Chemically Mediated Host Plant Location by Belowground Insect Herbivores

“…In terms of the effects of elevated CO 2 on semio-chemicals in the rhizosphere, this is likely to be highly system specific. For example, elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations increased production of rhizobial root nodules in white clover (T. repens) with corresponding increases in clover root weevil (S. lepidus) populations and development rates (Johnson and McNicol, 2010). Given the attraction of S. lepidus to rhizobial root nodules (Gerard, 2001), it seems likely that greater numbers of nodules would increase overall concentrations of the chemical cues underpinning this attraction.…”

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Impairs Aphid Escape Responses to Predators and Conspecific Alarm Signals

“…Glen Clova) were grown from 78 rootstock; at approximately 6 weeks old (1 cm height) plants were transferred to 3L pots, and 79 randomly assigned to the four chambers. To minimize chamber effects, plants were moved 80 between corresponding treatment chambers once a week for five weeks prior to assays (sensu 81 Bezemer et al, 1998;Johnson and McNicol, 2010). 82…”