Tumour-educated macrophages display a mixed polarisation and enhance pancreatic cancer cell invasion.Karnevi, Emelie; Andersson, Roland; Rosendahl, Ann Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Karnevi, E., Andersson, R., & Rosendahl, A. (2014). Tumour-educated macrophages display a mixed polarisation and enhance pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Immunology and Cell Biology, 92(6), 543-552. DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.22 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.âą Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.âą You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain âą You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal High glucose conditions further enhanced the tumour-driven macrophage enrichment and associated IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine levels. In addition, hyperglycaemia enhanced the responsiveness of tumour-educated macrophages to lipopolysaccharide, with elevated cytokine secretion compared to normal glucose levels. Tumour-educated macrophages were found to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro, which was significantly enhanced at high glucose. The anti-diabetic drug metformin shifted the macrophage phenotype polarization and reduced the tumour cell invasion at normal, but not high, glucose levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that pancreatic cancer cells stimulate differentiation of macrophages with pro-tumour properties that are further enhanced by hyperglycaemia. These findings highlight important crosstalk between tumour cells and TAMs in the local tumour microenvironment that may contribute to disease progression in pancreatic cancer patients with hyperglycaemia and T2D.